Memory Thinking for C and C++: Windows Diagnostics

Table of Contents....4 Preface....16 About the Author....17 Introduction....18 Original Training Course Name....18 Prerequisites....19 Training Goals....20 Training Principles....21 Schedule....22 Training Idea....23 General C & C++ Aspects....24 What We Do Not Cover....26 Windows C & C++ Aspects....27 Why C & C++?....28 Which C & C++?....30 My History of C & C++....31 C and C++ Mastery Process....33 Thought Process....34 Philosophy of Pointers....35 Pointer....36 Pointer Dereference....37 Many to One....38 Many to One Dereference....39 Invalid Pointer....40 Invalid Pointer Dereference....41 Wild (Dangling) Pointer....42 Pointer to Pointer....43 Pointer to Pointer Dereference....44 Naming Pointers and Entities....45 Names as Pointer Content....46 Pointers as Entities....47 Memory and Pointers....48 Mental Exercise....49 Debugger Memory Layout....50 Memory Dereference Layout....51 Names as Addresses....52 Addresses and Entities....53 Addresses and Structures....54 Pointers to Structures....55 Arrays....56 Arrays and Pointers to Arrays....57 Strings and Pointers to Strings....58 Basic Types....59 ASCII Characters and Pointers....60 Bytes and Pointers....61 Wide Characters and Pointers....62 Integers....63 Long Integers....64 Little-Endian System....65 Short Integers....66 Long Long Integers....67 Signed and Unsigned Integers....68 Fixed Size Integers....69 Booleans....70 Bytes....71 Size....72 Alignment....73 LLP64....74 Nothing and Anything....75 Automatic Type Inference....76 Entity Conversion....77 Pointer Conversion (C-Style)....78 Numeric Promotion/Conversion....79 Numeric Conversion....80 Incompatible Types....81 Forcing....82 Structures, Classes, and Objects....84 Structures....85 Access Level....86 Classes and Objects....87 Structures and Classes....88 Pointer to Structure....89 Pointer to Structure Dereference....90 Many Pointers to One Structure....91 Many to One Dereference....92 Invalid Pointer to Structure....93 Invalid Pointer Dereference....94 Wild (Dangling) Pointer....95 Pointer to Pointer to Structure....96 Pointer to Pointer Dereference....97 Memory and Structures....98 Addresses and Structures....99 Structure Field Access....100 Pointers to Structures....101 Pointers to Structure Fields....102 Structure Inheritance....103 Structure Slicing....104 Inheritance Access Level....106 Structures and Classes II....107 Internal Structure Alignment....108 Static Structure Fields....109 Uniform Initialization....110 Old Initialization Ways....111 New Way {}....112 Uniform Structure Initialization....113 Static Field Initialization....114 Macros, Types, and Synonyms....115 Macros....116 Old Way....117 New Way....118 Memory Storage....119 Overview....120 Thread Stack Frames....121 Local Variable Value Lifecycle....122 Stack Allocation Pitfalls....124 Explicit Local Allocation....126 Dynamic Allocation (C-style)....127 Dynamic Allocation (C++)....128 Memory Operators....129 Memory Expressions....130 Local Pointers (Manual)....131 In-place Allocation....133 Source Code Organisation....134 Logical Layer (Translation Units)....135 Physical Layer (Source Files)....136 Inter-TU Sharing....137 Classic Static TU Isolation....138 Namespace TU Isolation....139 Declaration and Definition....140 TU Definition Conflicts....141 Fine-grained TU Scope Isolation....142 Conceptual Layer (Design)....143 Incomplete Types....144 References....145 Type& vs. Type*....146 Values....147 Value Categories....148 Constant Values....149 Constant Expressions....150 Functions....151 Pointers to Functions....152 Function Pointer Types....154 Reading Declarations....155 Structure Function Fields....156 Structure Methods....157 Structure Methods (Inlined)....158 Structure Methods (Inheritance)....159 Structure Virtual Methods....161 Structure Pure Virtual Methods....163 Structure as Interface....164 Function Structure....165 Structure Constructors....166 Structure Copy Constructor....167 Structure Copy Assignment....168 Structure Destructor....169 Structure Destructor Hierarchy....170 Structure Virtual Destructor....171 Destructor as a Method....172 Conversion Operators....173 Parameters by Value....175 Parameters by Pointer/Reference....176 Parameters by Ptr/Ref to Const....177 Possible Mistake....178 Function Overloading....179 Immutable Objects....180 Static Structure Functions....181 Lambdas....182 x64 CPU Registers....183 Instructions and Registers....184 Memory and Stack Addressing....185 Memory Cell Sizes....186 Memory Load Instructions....187 Memory Store Instructions....188 Flow Instructions....189 Function Parameters....190 Struct Function Parameters....191 this....192 Function Objects vs. Lambdas....193 Captures and Closures....194 Lambdas as Parameters....196 Lambda Parameter Optimization....198 Lambdas as Unnamed Functions....200 std::function Lambda Parameters....202 auto Lambda Parameters....204 Lambdas as Return Values....206 Virtual Function Call....208 VTBL Memory Layout....209 VPTR and Struct Memory Layout....210 Templates: A Planck-length Introduction....211 Why Templates?....212 Reusability....213 Types of Templates....215 Types of Template Parameters....216 Type Safety....217 Flexibility....219 Metafunctions....220 Iterators as Pointers....221 Containers....222 Iterators....223 Constant Iterators....224 Pointers as Iterators....225 Algorithms....226 Memory Ownership....227 Pointers as Owners....228 Problems with Pointer Owners....229 Smart Pointers....230 Basic Design....231 Unique Pointers....232 Handles as Unique Pointers....233 Shared Pointers....234 RAII....235 RAII Definition....236 RAII Advantages....237 Handle RAII....238 Threads and Synchronization....239 Threads in C/C++....240 Threads in C++ Proper....241 Synchronization Problems....242 Synchronization Solution....243 Resources....244 C and C++....245 Reading Windows-based Code....246 Windows (C and C++)....248 Training (Windows C and C++)....250