Statistical Analysis with R Essentials For Dummies®

Title Page....8 Copyright....9 Introduction....11 About This Book....11 Foolish Assumptions....11 Icons Used in This Book....12 Where to Go from Here....12 Chapter 1: Data, Statistics, and Decisions....13 The Statistical (and Related) Notions You Just Have to Know....13 Inferential Statistics: Testing Hypotheses....18 Chapter 2: Introducing R....21 Downloading R and RStudio....21 A Session with R....24 R Functions....29 User-Defined Functions....31 R Structures....33 for Loops and if Statements....43 Chapter 3: Digging Deeper Into R....46 Packages....46 More on Packages....49 R Formulas....51 Reading and Writing....52 Chapter 4: Finding Your Center....58 Means: The Lure of Averages....58 The Average in R: mean()....60 Medians: Caught in the Middle....62 The Median in R: median()....63 Statistics à la Mode....63 The Mode in R....64 Chapter 5: Deviating from the Average....65 Measuring Variation....65 Back to the Roots: Standard Deviation....71 Standard Deviation in R....72 Conditions, Conditions, Conditions …....73 Chapter 6: Standards, Standings, and Summaries....75 Catching Some Zs....75 Standard Scores in R....76 Where Do You Stand?....77 Creating Summaries....81 How Many?....82 The High and the Low....84 Summarizing a Data Frame....84 Chapter 7: What’s Normal?....87 Hitting the Curve....87 Distributions in R....91 A Distinguished Member of the Family....94 Chapter 8: The Confidence Game: Estimation....96 Understanding Sampling Distributions....97 An EXTREMELY Important Idea: The Central Limit Theorem....98 Confidence: It Has its Limits!....100 Fit to a t....103 Chapter 9: One-Sample Hypothesis Testing....107 Hypotheses, Tests, and Errors....107 Hypothesis Tests and Sampling Distributions....109 Catching Some Z's Again....111 Z Testing in R....114 t for One....116 t Testing in R....117 Working with t-Distributions....118 Chapter 10: Two-Sample Hypothesis Testing....119 Hypotheses Built for Two....119 Sampling Distributions Revisited....120 t for Two....128 Like Peas in a Pod: Equal Variances....128 t-Testing in R....130 A Matched Set: Hypothesis Testing for Paired Samples....133 Paired Sample t-testing in R....135 Chapter 11: Testing More Than Two Samples....136 Testing More Than Two....136 ANOVA in R....142 Another Kind of Hypothesis, Another Kind of Test....148 Getting Trendy....152 Trend Analysis in R....153 Chapter 12: Linear Regression....155 The Plot of Scatter....155 Regression: What a Line!....157 Testing Hypotheses about Regression....162 Linear Regression in R....165 Making Predictions....167 Chapter 13: Correlation: The Rise and Fall of Relationships....168 Understanding Correlation....168 Correlation and Regression....170 Testing Hypotheses About Correlation....173 Analyzing Correlation in R....175 Chapter 14: Ten Valuable Online Resources....176 R-bloggers....176 Posit....176 Quick-R....176 Stack Overflow....177 R Manuals....177 R Documentation....177 RDocumentation....177 YOU CANanalytics....178 Geocomputation with R....178 The R Journal....178 Index....179 About the Author....208 Connect with Dummies....212 End User License Agreement....214