Starting Out With Python. 6 Ed

Cover ....1 Contents....2 Welcome....12 Cover....12 Title Page....12 Copyright Page....13 Pearson’s Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion....14 Contents in a Glance....14 Contents in a Glance....14 Location of VideoNotes....15 Preface....17 Preface....17 Changes in the Sixth Edition....17 Brief Overview of Each Chapter....18 Organization of the Text....21 Features of the Text....22 Supplements....23 Acknowledgments....24 About the Author....26 Ordering Options....26 1: Introduction to Computers and Programming....28 1: Topics....28 1.1: Introduction....28 1.2: Hardware and Software....29 Main Memory....32 Software....33 1.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....34 1.3: How Computers Store Data....34 1.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....39 1.4: How a Program Works....39 From Machine Language to Assembly Language....41 Keywords, Operators, and Syntax: An Overview....44 1.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....46 1.5: Using Python....47 Writing Python Programs and Running Them in Script Mode....49 The IDLE Programming Environment....50 Chapter 1: From the Book for Additional Practice....51 Chapter 1: Review Questions....51 Chapter 1: Programming Exercises....55 2: Input, Processing, and Output....57 2: Topics....57 2.1: Designing a Program....57 More About the Design Process....58 2.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....61 2.2: Input, Processing, and Output....62 2.3: Displaying Output with the print Function....62 2.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....65 2.4: Comments....65 2.5: Variables....66 Creating Variables with Assignment Statements....67 Multiple Assignment....69 Variable Naming Rules....70 Displaying Multiple Items with the print Function....71 Variable Reassignment....72 Numeric Data Types and Literals....73 Storing Strings with the str Data Type....74 Reassigning a Variable to a Different Type....75 2.5: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....76 2.6: Reading Input from the Keyboard....76 Reading Numbers with the input Function....78 2.6: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....81 2.7: Performing Calculations....81 In the Spotlight: Calculating a Percentage....82 Floating-Point and Integer Division....84 Operator Precedence....84 In the Spotlight: Calculating an Average....86 The Exponent Operator....87 The Remainder Operator....88 Converting Math Formulas to Programming Statements....89 In the Spotlight: Converting a Math Formula to a Programming Statement....90 Mixed-Type Expressions and Data Type Conversion....91 Breaking Long Statements into Multiple Lines....92 2.7: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....93 2.8: String Concatenation....93 2.8: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....95 2.9: More About the print Function....95 Escape Characters....97 2.9: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....98 2.10: Displaying Formatted Output with F-strings....99 Placeholder Expressions....100 Formatting Values....100 Specifying a Minimum Field Width....103 Aligning Values....105 The Order of Designators....107 Concatenation with F-strings....107 2.10: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....108 2.11: Named Constants....109 2.11: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....110 2.12: Introduction to Turtle Graphics....110 Setting the Turtle’s Heading to a Specific Angle....117 Changing the Drawing Color....121 Moving the Turtle to a Specific Location....122 Controlling the Turtle’s Animation Speed....124 Filling Shapes....126 Getting Input with a Dialog Box....129 In the Spotlight: The Orion Constellation Program....132 2.12: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....140 Chapter 2: From the Book for Additional Practice....140 Chapter 2: Review Questions....140 Chapter 2: Programming Exercises....145 3: Decision Structures and Boolean Logic....150 3: Topics....150 3.1: The if Statement....150 Boolean Expressions and Relational Operators....153 Putting It All Together....156 In the Spotlight: Using the if Statement....157 Single-Line if Statements....158 3.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....159 3.2: The if-else Statement....159 In the Spotlight: Using the if-else Statement....161 3.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....162 3.3: Comparing Strings....162 3.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....166 3.4: Nested Decision Structures and the if-elif-else Statement....166 In the Spotlight: Multiple Nested Decision Structures....171 The if-elif-else Statement....173 3.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....174 3.5: Logical Operators....174 The Loan Qualifier Program Revisited....178 Checking Numeric Ranges with Logical Operators....180 3.5: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....181 3.6: Boolean Variables....182 3.6: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....183 3.7: Conditional Expressions....183 3.8: Assignment Expressions and the Walrus Operator....185 3.9: Turtle Graphics: Determining the State of the Turtle....187 In the Spotlight: The Hit the Target Game....190 3.9: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....194 Chapter 3: From the Book for Additional Practice....194 Chapter 3: Review Questions....194 Chapter 3: Programming Exercises....198 4: Repetition Structures....205 4: Topics....205 4.1: Introduction to Repetition Structures....205 4.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....206 4.2: The while Loop: A Condition-Controlled Loop....207 The while Loop Is a Pretest Loop....210 In the Spotlight: Designing a Program with a while Loop....211 Infinite Loops....212 Using the while Loop as a Count-Controlled Loop ....213 Single-Line while Loops....216 4.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....217 4.3: The for Loop: A Count-Controlled Loop....217 Using the range Function with the for Loop....219 Using the Target Variable Inside the Loop....221 In the Spotlight: Designing a Count-Controlled Loop with the for Statement....223 Letting the User Control the Loop Iterations....225 Generating an Iterable Sequence that Ranges from Highest to Lowest....226 4.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....227 4.4: Calculating a Running Total....227 The Augmented Assignment Operators....229 4.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....231 4.5: Sentinels....231 In the Spotlight: Using a Sentinel....232 4.5: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....233 4.6: Input Validation Loops....233 In the Spotlight: Writing an Input Validation Loop....236 Using the Walrus Operator in an Input Validation Loop....237 4.6: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....238 4.7: Nested Loops....238 In the Spotlight: Using Nested Loops to Print Patterns....241 4.8: Using break, continue, and else with Loops....245 Using the else Clause with a Loop....248 4.9: Turtle Graphics: Using Loops to Draw Designs....249 Chapter 4: From the Book for Additional Practice....253 Chapter 4: Review Questions....253 Chapter 4: Programming Exercises....256 5: Functions....261 5: Topics....261 5.1: Introduction to Functions....261 5.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....263 5.2: Defining and Calling a Void Function....264 Defining and Calling a Function....264 Indentation in Python....268 5.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....269 5.3: Designing a Program to Use Functions....270 In the Spotlight: Defining and Calling Functions....272 Pausing Execution Until the User Presses Enter....275 Using the pass Keyword....275 5.4: Local Variables....276 5.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....278 5.5: Passing Arguments to Functions....278 In the Spotlight: Passing an Argument to a Function....281 Passing Multiple Arguments....282 Making Changes to Parameters....284 Keyword Arguments....286 Keyword-Only Parameters....288 Positional-Only Parameters....289 Default Arguments....289 5.5: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....292 5.6: Global Variables and Global Constants....293 In the Spotlight: Using Global Constants....295 5.6: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....296 5.7: Introduction to Value-Returning Functions: Generating Random Numbers....296 Standard Library Functions and the import Statement....297 Generating Random Numbers....298 Calling Functions from an F-String....301 Experimenting with Random Numbers in Interactive Mode....301 In the Spotlight: Using Random Numbers....302 In the Spotlight: Using Random Numbers to Represent Other Values....303 The randrange, random, and uniform Functions....304 Random Number Seeds....305 5.7: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....306 5.8: Writing Your Own Value-Returning Functions....307 How to Use Value-Returning Functions....309 Using IPO Charts....311 In the Spotlight: Modularizing with Functions....312 Returning Strings....316 Returning Boolean Values....316 Returning Multiple Values....318 Returning None from a Function....319 5.8: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....321 5.9: The math Module....321 5.9: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....324 5.10: Storing Functions in Modules....324 Conditionally Executing the main Function in a Module....327 5.11: Turtle Graphics: Modularizing Code with Functions....329 Storing Your Graphics Functions in a Module....333 Chapter 5: From the Book for Additional Practice....336 Chapter 5: Review Questions....336 Chapter 5: Programming Exercises....341 6: Files and Exceptions....348 6: Topics....348 6.1: Introduction to File Input and Output....348 Types of Files....350 Opening a File....352 Writing Data to a File....353 Reading Data from a File....355 Concatenating a Newline to a String....359 Reading a String and Stripping the Newline from It....361 Appending Data to an Existing File....362 Writing and Reading Numeric Data....363 6.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....366 6.2: Using Loops to Process Files....366 Reading a File with a Loop and Detecting the End of the File....367 Using Python’s for Loop to Read Lines....369 In the Spotlight: Working with Files....370 6.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....372 6.3: Using the with Statement to Open Files....373 Opening Multiple Files with a with Statement....375 6.4: Processing Records....376 In the Spotlight: Adding and Displaying Records....380 In the Spotlight: Searching for a Record....381 In the Spotlight: Modifying Records....383 In the Spotlight: Deleting Records....385 6.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....387 6.5: Exceptions....387 Handling Multiple Exceptions....392 Displaying an Exception’s Default Error Message....394 The else Clause....396 The finally Clause....397 What If an Exception Is Not Handled?....398 6.5: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....398 Chapter 6: From the Book for Additional Practice....398 Chapter 6: Review Questions....398 Chapter 6: Programming Exercises....402 7: Lists and Tuples....405 7: Topics....405 7.1: Sequences....405 7.2: Introduction to Lists....405 The Repetition Operator....407 Iterating over a List with the for Loop....408 Indexing....409 The len Function....410 Using a for Loop to Iterate by Index Over a List....411 Lists Are Mutable....411 Concatenating Lists....413 7.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....414 7.3: List Slicing....415 7.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....417 7.4: Finding Items in Lists with the in Operator....418 7.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....419 7.5: List Methods and Useful Built-in Functions....419 7.5: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....426 7.6: Copying Lists....426 7.7: Processing Lists....428 In the Spotlight: Using List Elements in a Math Expression....428 Totaling the Values in a List....430 Averaging the Values in a List....430 Passing a List as an Argument to a Function....431 Returning a List from a Function....432 In the Spotlight: Processing a List....434 Randomly Selecting List Elements....436 Working with Lists and Files....437 7.8: List Comprehensions....439 Using if Clauses with List Comprehensions....441 7.8: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....442 7.9: Two-Dimensional Lists....442 7.9: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....447 7.10: Tuples....447 Reassigning a Tuple to a Variable....449 Storing Mutable Objects in a Tuple....449 Converting Between Lists and Tuples....451 7.10: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....452 7.11: Plotting List Data with the matplotlib Package....452 Plotting a Line Graph....453 Plotting a Bar Chart....464 Plotting a Pie Chart....469 7.11: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....472 Chapter 7: From the Book for Additional Practice....472 Chapter 7: Review Questions....472 Chapter 7: Programming Exercises....476 8: More About Strings....481 8: Topics....481 8.1: Basic String Operations....481 Accessing the Individual Characters in a String....481 String Concatenation....485 Strings Are Immutable....487 8.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....488 8.2: String Slicing....488 In the Spotlight: Extracting Characters from a String....490 8.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....491 8.3: Testing, Searching, and Manipulating Strings....492 String Methods....493 In the Spotlight: Validating the Characters in a Password....499 The Repetition Operator....501 Splitting a String....502 In the Spotlight: String Tokens....504 In the Spotlight: Reading CSV Files....506 8.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....507 Chapter 8: From the Book for Additional Practice....508 Chapter 8: Review Questions....508 Chapter 8: Programming Exercises....511 9: Dictionaries and Sets....517 9: Topics....517 9.1: Dictionaries....517 Retrieving a Value from a Dictionary....518 Using the in and not in Operators to Test for a Value in a Dictionary....519 Adding Elements to an Existing Dictionary....520 Deleting Elements....520 Getting the Number of Elements in a Dictionary....521 Mixing Data Types in a Dictionary....522 Creating an Empty Dictionary....523 Using the for Loop to Iterate over a Dictionary....524 Some Dictionary Methods....524 In the Spotlight: Using a Dictionary to Simulate a Deck of Cards....530 In the Spotlight: Storing Names and Birthdays in a Dictionary....533 The Dictionary Merge and Update Operators....538 Dictionary Comprehensions....539 Using if Clauses with Dictionary Comprehensions....541 9.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....542 9.2: Sets....543 Adding and Removing Elements....545 Using the for Loop to Iterate over a Set....547 Using the in and not in Operators to Test for a Value in a Set....548 Finding the Union of Sets....548 Finding the Intersection of Sets....549 Finding the Difference of Sets....550 Finding the Symmetric Difference of Sets....550 Finding Subsets and Supersets....551 In the Spotlight: Set Operations....552 Set Comprehensions....554 9.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....555 9.3: Serializing Objects....556 9.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....562 Chapter 9: From the Book for Additional Practice....562 Chapter 9: Review Questions....562 Chapter 9: Programming Exercises....569 10: Classes and Object-Oriented Programming....574 10: Topics....574 10.1: Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming....574 10.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....577 10.2: Classes....577 Class Definitions....579 Hiding Attributes....584 Storing Classes in Modules....587 The BankAccount Class....588 The __str__ Method....591 10.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....594 10.3: Working with Instances....594 In the Spotlight: Creating the CellPhone Class....597 Accessor and Mutator Methods....599 In the Spotlight: Storing Objects in a List....600 Passing Objects as Arguments....601 In the Spotlight: Pickling Your Own Objects....603 In the Spotlight: Storing Objects in a Dictionary....605 10.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....613 10.4: Techniques for Designing Classes....613 Finding the Classes in a Problem....614 Identifying a Class’s Responsibilities....621 10.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....626 Chapter 10: From the Book for Additional Practice....626 Chapter 10: Review Questions....626 Chapter 10: Programming Exercises....629 11: Inheritance....634 11: Topics....634 11.1: Introduction to Inheritance....634 In the Spotlight: Using Inheritance....644 11.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....648 11.2: Polymorphism....648 11.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....655 Chapter 11: From the Book for Additional Practice....655 Chapter 11: Review Questions....655 Chapter 11: Programming Exercises....657 12: Recursion....659 12: Topics....659 12.1: Introduction to Recursion....659 12.2: Problem Solving with Recursion....661 12.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....665 12.3: Examples of Recursive Algorithms....665 Chapter 12: From the Book for Additional Practice....672 Chapter 12: Review Questions....672 Chapter 12: Programming Exercises....674 13: GUI Programming....676 13: Topics....676 13.1: Graphical User Interfaces....676 13.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....679 13.2: Using the tkinter Module....679 13.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....683 13.3: Displaying Text with Label Widgets....683 13.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....693 13.4: Organizing Widgets with Frames....694 13.5: Button Widgets and Info Dialog Boxes....697 13.6: Getting Input with the Entry Widget....701 13.7: Using Labels as Output Fields....704 In the Spotlight: Creating a GUI Program....707 13.7: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....712 13.8: Radio Buttons and Check Buttons....712 13.8: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....718 13.9: Listbox Widgets....718 Specifying the Size of the Listbox....720 Using a Loop to Populate the Listbox....720 Selecting Items in a Listbox....721 Deleting Items from a Listbox....724 Executing a Callback Function When the User Clicks a Listbox Item....725 In the Spotlight: The Time Zone Program....726 Adding Scrollbars to a Listbox....730 13.9: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....738 13.10: Drawing Shapes with the Canvas Widget....738 Drawing Lines: The create_line Method....741 Drawing Rectangles: The create_rectangle Method....743 Drawing Ovals: The create_oval Method....746 Drawing Arcs: The create_arc Method....748 Drawing Polygons: The create_polygon Method....754 Drawing Text: The create_text Method....757 13.10: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....762 Chapter 13: From the Book for Additional Practice....762 Chapter 13: Review Questions....762 Chapter 13: Programming Exercises....766 14: Database Programming....770 14: Topics....770 14.1: Database Management Systems....770 14.1: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....772 14.2: Tables, Rows, and Columns....772 Column Data Types....774 Primary Keys....775 Identity Columns....775 Allowing Null Values....777 14.2: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....777 14.3: Opening and Closing a Database Connection with SQLite....777 14.3: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....780 14.4: Creating and Deleting Tables....780 Creating Multiple Tables....783 Creating a Table Only If It Does Not Already Exist....784 Deleting a Table....784 14.4: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....785 14.5: Adding Data to a Table....785 Inserting Multiple Rows with One INSERT Statement....788 Inserting NULL Data....788 Inserting the Values of Variables....789 Watch Out for SQL Injection Attacks....791 14.5: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....791 14.6: Querying Data with the SQL SELECT Statement....792 The SELECT Statement....793 Selecting All the Columns in a Table....796 Specifying Search Criteria with the WHERE Clause....798 SQL Logical Operators: AND, OR, and NOT....800 String Comparisons in a SELECT Statement....801 Using the LIKE Operator....801 Sorting the Results of a SELECT Query....803 Aggregate Functions....805 14.6: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....807 14.7: Updating and Deleting Existing Rows....808 Updating Multiple Columns....811 Determining the Number of Rows Updated....811 Deleting Rows with the DELETE Statement....812 Determining the Number of Rows Deleted....814 14.7: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....814 14.8: More About Primary Keys....814 The RowID Column in SQLite....815 Integer Primary Keys in SQLite....815 Primary Keys Other Than Integer....816 Composite Keys....816 14.8: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....818 14.9: Handling Database Exceptions....818 14.9: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....820 14.10: CRUD Operations....820 In the Spotlight: Inventory CRUD Application....820 14.11: Relational Data....827 Foreign Keys....828 Entity Relationship Diagrams....829 Creating Foreign Keys in SQL....830 Updating Relational Data....834 Deleting Relational Data....834 Retrieving Columns from Multiple Tables in a SELECT Statement....835 In the Spotlight: A GUI Application to Read a Database....837 14.11: (Noninteractive) Checkpoint Questions from the Book....842 Chapter 14: From the Book for Additional Practice....842 Chapter 14: Review Questions....842 Chapter 14: Programming Exercises....849 Appendix A: Installing Python....852 Appendix B: Introduction to IDLE....854 Writing a Python Program in the IDLE Editor....856 Color Coding....857 Automatic Indentation....857 Saving a Program....858 Running a Program....858 Appendix C: The ASCII Character Set....862 Appendix D: Predefined Named Colors....864 Appendix E: More About the import Statement....872 Appendix F: Formatting Numeric Output with the format() Function....875 Formatting in Scientific Notation....876 Inserting Comma Separators....876 Specifying a Minimum Field Width....877 Formatting a Floating-Point Number as a Percentage....878 Formatting Integers....879 Appendix G: Installing Modules with the pip Utility....880 Appendix H: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....881 Chapter 1: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....881 Chapter 2: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....881 Chapter 3: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....884 Chapter 4: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....886 Chapter 5: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....887 Chapter 6: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....889 Chapter 7: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....890 Chapter 8: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....892 Chapter 9: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....893 Chapter 10: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....895 Chapter 11: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....896 Chapter 12: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....896 Chapter 13: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....896 Chapter 14: Answers to Noninteractive Checkpoints....898 Student Supplemental Materials....901 Glossary....902 Footnotes....912 Index....914