Programming Ruby 3.3: The Pragmatic Programmers' Guide

Preface....17 Why Ruby?....18 A Word about Ruby Versions....19 Notation Conventions....20 Road Map....23 Resources....25 Acknowledgments....26 Part I. Facets of Ruby....28 1. Getting Started....29 Installing Ruby....30 Installing Ruby for Windows....38 Running Ruby....45 Creating Ruby Programs....48 Getting More Information about Ruby....50 What’s Next....52 2. Ruby.new....53 Ruby Is an Object-Oriented Language....55 Some Basic Ruby....59 Arrays and Hashes....65 Symbols....68 Control Structures....70 Regular Expressions....73 Blocks....76 Reading and ‘Riting....80 Command-Line Arguments....81 Commenting Ruby....82 What’s Next....83 3. Classes, Objects, and Variables....84 Defining Classes....85 Objects and Attributes....91 Classes Working with Other Classes....100 Specifying Access Control....105 Variables....111 Reopening Classes....114 What’s Next....117 4. Collections, Blocks, and Iterators....118 Arrays....119 Hashes....124 Digging....127 Word Frequency: Using Hashes and Arrays....128 Blocks and Enumeration....135 What’s Next....170 5. More about Methods....171 Defining a Method....172 Calling a Method....185 What’s Next....195 6. Sharing Functionality: Inheritance, Modules, and Mixins....196 Inheritance and Messages....198 Modules....205 Inheritance, Mixins, and Design....222 What’s Next....225 7. Basic Types: Numbers, Strings, and Ranges....226 Numbers....227 Strings....232 Ranges....241 What’s Next....246 8. Regular Expressions....247 What Regular Expressions Let You Do....248 Creating and Using Regular Expressions....249 Regular Expression Patterns....253 Regular Expression Syntax....258 What’s Next....271 9. Expressions....272 Operator Expressions....274 Command Expressions....278 Assignment....280 Conditional Execution....287 Loops and Iterators....299 Pattern Matching....309 What’s Next....322 10. Exceptions....323 The Exception Class....325 Handling Exceptions....327 Raising Exceptions....333 Using Catch and Throw....336 What’s Next....339 11. Basic Input and Output....340 What Is an I/O Object?....341 Opening and Closing Files....342 Reading and Writing Files....344 Talking to Networks....352 What’s Next....354 12. Threads, Fibers, and Ractors....355 Multithreading with Threads....358 Running Multiple External Processes....372 Creating Fibers....378 Understanding Ractors....382 What’s Next....391 13. Testing Ruby Code....392 Why Unit Test?....393 Testing with Minitest....394 Structuring Tests....402 Creating Mock Objects in Minitest....406 Organizing and Running Tests....410 Testing with RSpec....414 What’s Next....429 Part II. Ruby in Its Setting....431 14. Ruby from the Command Line....432 Calling the Ruby Command....433 Ruby Command-Line Options....437 Making Your Code an Executable Program....443 Processing Command-Line Arguments to Your Code....445 Accessing Environment Variables....454 Where Ruby Finds Its Libraries....458 Using the Rake Build Tool....460 The Build Environment....467 What’s Next....468 15. Ruby Gems....469 Installing and Managing Gems....470 Using Bundler to Manage Groups of Gems....475 Writing and Packaging Your Own Code into Gems....489 Organizing Your Source Code....497 Distributing and Installing Your Code....508 What’s Next....513 16. Interactive Ruby....514 Using irb....516 Navigating irb....522 Configuring irb....527 What’s Next....536 17. Debugging Ruby....537 Printing Things....538 The Ruby Debugger....540 Pry....547 Debugging Performance Issues with Benchmark....552 What’s Next....555 18. Typed Ruby....556 What’s a Type?....558 Official Ruby Typing with RBS....561 Ruby Typing with Sorbet....572 What’s Next....579 19. Documenting Ruby....580 Documenting with RDoc....581 Adding RDoc to Ruby Code....585 Running RDoc....592 Documenting with YARD....595 What’s Next....600 Part III. Ruby Crystallized....602 20. Ruby and the Web....603 Ruby’s Web Utilities....605 Templating with ERB....609 Serving Ruby Code to the Web....614 Ruby in the Browser with Web Assembly....629 What’s Next....632 21. Ruby Style....633 Written Ruby Style....635 Using RuboCop....644 Using Standard....653 Ruby Style in the Large....655 Duck Typing....658 What’s Next....681 22. The Ruby Object Model and Metaprogramming....682 Understanding Objects and Classes....684 Defining Singleton Methods....689 Inheritance and Visibility....699 Modules and Mixins....701 Metaprogramming Class-Level Macros....712 Using instance_eval and class_eval....726 Using Hook Methods....732 A Metaprogramming Example....742 Top-Level Execution Environment....746 What’s Next....748 23. Reflection and Object Space....749 Looking at Objects....750 Looking at Classes....754 Calling Methods Dynamically....757 System Hooks....761 Tracing Your Program’s Execution....765 Behind the Curtain: The Ruby VM....769 Marshaling and Distributed Ruby....771 What’s Next....779 Part IV. Ruby Language Reference....781 24. Language Reference: Literal Types and Expressions....782 Source Layout....783 Ruby Literals....789 Regular Expressions....802 Names....813 Values, Variables, and Constants....817 Expressions, Conditionals, and Loops....830 25. Language Reference: Objects and Classes....847 Method Definition....848 Invoking a Method....856 Aliasing....865 Defining Classes....867 Defining Modules....871 Access Control....874 Blocks, Closures, and Proc Objects....875 Exceptions....882 Catch and Throw....885 Typed Ruby....886 Part V. Ruby Library Reference....897 26. Library Reference: Core Data Types....898 Dates and Times....900 Math....913 Numbers....915 Random and SecureRandom....928 Regexp....931 Strings....951 Symbols....971 27. Library Reference: Ruby’s Object Model....973 BasicObject....975 Class....980 Comparable....982 Kernel....984 Method....1003 Module....1006 Object....1015 28. Library Reference: Enumerators and Containers....1021 Array....1023 Enumerable....1037 Enumerator....1051 Hash....1055 Set....1065 29. Library Reference: Input, Output, Files, and Formats....1070 CSV....1072 Dir....1076 File....1082 FileUtils....1092 IO....1097 JSON....1114 Pathname....1117 StringIO....1119 Tempfile....1121 URI....1123 YAML....1127 30. Library Reference: Ruby on Ruby....1132 Benchmark....1134 Data....1136 Delegator and SimpleDelegator....1138 Logger....1141 ObjectSpace....1144 Observable....1146 OpenStruct....1149 PP....1150 Prism....1151 Ripper....1155 Singleton....1159 Struct....1160 Unbound Method....1163 Part VI. Appendixes....1165 A1. Troubleshooting Ruby....1166 Common Issues....1167 Debugging Tips....1172 A2. I Can’t Look It Up!....1174 A3. Command-Line Basics....1180 The Command Prompt....1181 Folders, Directories, and Navigation....1182 A4. Ruby Runtimes....1185 Just-in-Time Compilers....1186 TruffleRuby....1190 JRuby....1192 mRuby....1194 Other Runtimes....1195 A5. Ruby Changes....1197 Version 2.0....1198 Version 2.1....1199 Version 2.2....1200 Version 2.3....1201 Version 2.4....1202 Version 2.5....1203 Version 2.6....1204 Version 2.7....1205 Version 3.0....1206 Version 3.1....1207 Version 3.2....1208 Version 3.3....1209