Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript: A Step-by-Step Guide to Creating Dynamic Websites. 6 Ed

Copyright....4 Table of Contents....7 Preface....25 Audience....25 Assumptions This Book Makes....25 Organization of This Book....26 Conventions Used in This Book....26 Using Code Examples....27 OReilly Online Learning....28 How to Contact Us....29 Acknowledgments....29 Chapter 1. Introduction to Dynamic Web Content....31 HTTP and HTML: Berners-Lees Basics....32 The RequestResponse Procedure....32 The Benefits of PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS, and HTML5....35 MariaDB: The MySQL Clone....36 Using PHP....36 Using MySQL....37 Using JavaScript....38 Using CSS....40 And Then Theres HTML5....40 The Apache Web Server....41 Handling Mobile Devices....42 About Open Source....42 Bringing It All Together....43 Questions....45 Chapter 2. Setting Up a Development Server....47 What Is a WAMP, MAMP, or LAMP?....48 Installing AMPPS on Windows....48 Testing the Installation....53 Accessing the Document Root (Windows)....55 Alternative WAMPs....56 Installing AMPPS on macOS....57 Accessing the Document Root (macOS)....58 Installing a LAMP on Linux....59 Working Remotely....59 Logging In....60 Using SFTP or FTPS....60 Using a Code Editor....61 Using an IDE....62 Questions....64 Chapter 3. Introduction to PHP....65 Incorporating PHP Within HTML....65 This Books Examples....67 The Structure of PHP....67 Using Comments....67 Basic Syntax....68 Variables....69 Operators....74 Variable Assignment....78 Multiline Commands....80 Variable Typing....82 Constants....83 Predefined Constants....84 The Difference Between the echo and print Commands....85 Functions....85 Variable Scope....86 Questions....92 Chapter 4. Expressions and Control Flow in PHP....93 Expressions....93 TRUE or FALSE?....94 Literals and Variables....95 Operators....96 Operator Precedence....97 Associativity....99 Relational Operators....100 Conditionals....104 The if Statement....105 The else Statement....106 The elseif Statement....108 The switch Statement....109 The ? (or ternary) Operator....112 Looping....113 while Loops....114 do...while Loops....116 for Loops....116 Breaking Out of a Loop....118 The continue Statement....119 Implicit and Explicit Casting....120 PHP Dynamic Linking....121 Dynamic Linking in Action....122 Questions....123 Chapter 5. PHP Functions and Objects....125 PHP Functions....126 Defining a Function....127 Returning a Value....128 Returning an Array....129 Passing Arguments by Reference....130 Returning Global Variables....132 Recap of Variable Scope....132 Including and Requiring Files....133 The include Statement....133 Using include_once....133 Using require and require_once....134 PHP Version Compatibility....134 PHP Objects....135 Terminology....136 Declaring a Class....137 Creating an Object....138 Accessing Objects....138 Cloning Objects....140 Constructors....141 Destructors....141 Writing Methods....142 Declaring Properties....143 Declaring Constants....144 Property and Method Scope....144 Static Methods....145 Static Properties....146 Inheritance....147 Questions....151 Chapter 6. PHP Arrays....153 Basic Access....153 Numerically Indexed Arrays....153 Associative Arrays....155 Assignment Using the array Keyword....156 The foreach...as Loop....157 Multidimensional Arrays....159 Using Array Functions....162 is_array....162 count....163 sort....163 shuffle....163 explode....164 extract....165 compact....165 reset....167 end....167 Questions....167 Chapter 7. Practical PHP....169 Using printf....169 Precision Setting....170 String Padding....172 Using sprintf....173 Date and Time Functions....173 Date Constants....176 Using checkdate....176 File Handling....177 Checking Whether a File Exists....177 Creating a File....177 Reading from Files....179 Copying Files....180 Moving a File....180 Deleting a File....181 Updating Files....181 Locking Files for Multiple Accesses....182 Reading an Entire File....184 Uploading Files....185 System Calls....190 XHTML or HTML5?....192 Questions....193 Chapter 8. Introduction to MySQL....195 MySQL Basics....195 Summary of Database Terms....196 Accessing MySQL via the Command Line....196 Starting the Command-Line Interface....197 Using the Command-Line Interface....201 MySQL Commands....202 Data Types....207 Indexes....217 Creating an Index....217 Querying a MySQL Database....223 Joining Tables Together....233 Using Logical Operators....235 MySQL Functions....236 Accessing MySQL via phpMyAdmin....236 Questions....237 Chapter 9. Mastering MySQL....239 Database Design....239 Primary Keys: The Keys to Relational Databases....240 Normalization....241 First Normal Form....242 Second Normal Form....244 Third Normal Form....246 When Not to Use Normalization....248 Relationships....249 One-to-One....249 One-to-Many....250 Many-to-Many....251 Databases and Anonymity....252 Transactions....253 Transaction Storage Engines....253 Using BEGIN....254 Using COMMIT....255 Using ROLLBACK....255 Using EXPLAIN....256 Backing Up and Restoring....257 Using mysqldump....257 Creating a Backup File....259 Restoring from a Backup File....261 Dumping Data in CSV Format....261 Planning Your Backups....262 Questions....262 Chapter 10. Whats New in PHP 8 and MySQL 8....265 About This Chapter....265 PHP 8....266 Named Parameters....266 Attributes....267 Constructor Properties....267 Just-In-Time Compilation....268 Union Types....268 Null-safe Operator....268 match Expressions....268 New Functions....269 MySQL 8....273 Updates to SQL....273 JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)....274 Geography Support....274 Reliability....274 Speed and Performance....274 Management....275 Security....275 Questions....276 Chapter 11. Accessing MySQL Using PHP....277 Querying a MySQL Database with PHP....277 The Process....277 Creating a Login File....278 Connecting to a MySQL Database....279 A Practical Example....284 The _POST Array....287 Deleting a Record....288 Displaying the Form....288 Querying the Database....289 Running the Program....290 Practical MySQL....291 Creating a Table....292 Describing a Table....293 Dropping a Table....294 Adding Data....294 Retrieving Data....295 Updating Data....296 Deleting Data....297 Using AUTO_INCREMENT....297 Performing Additional Queries....299 Preventing Hacking Attempts....300 Steps You Can Take....301 Using Placeholders....303 Preventing JavaScript Injection into HTML....305 Questions....307 Chapter 12. Form Handling....309 Building Forms....309 Retrieving Submitted Data....311 Default Values....312 Input Types....313 Sanitizing Input....320 An Example Program....322 HTML5 Enhancements....324 The autocomplete Attribute....325 The autofocus Attribute....325 The placeholder Attribute....325 The required Attribute....326 Override Attributes....326 The width and height Attributes....326 The min and max Attributes....326 The step Attribute....326 The form Attribute....327 The list Attribute....327 The color Input Type....327 The number and range Input Types....327 Date and Time Pickers....328 Questions....328 Chapter 13. Cookies, Sessions, and Authentication....329 Using Cookies in PHP....329 Setting a Cookie....331 Accessing a Cookie....332 Destroying a Cookie....332 HTTP Authentication....332 Storing Usernames and Passwords....336 An Example Program....338 Using Sessions....341 Starting a Session....342 Ending a Session....345 Setting a Timeout....346 Session Security....347 Questions....350 Chapter 14. Exploring JavaScript....351 JavaScript and HTML Text....352 Using Scripts Within a Document Head....353 Older and Nonstandard Browsers....354 Including JavaScript Files....354 Debugging JavaScript Errors....355 Using Comments....355 Semicolons....356 Variables....356 String Variables....357 Numeric Variables....357 Arrays....357 Operators....358 Arithmetic Operators....358 Assignment Operators....359 Comparison Operators....359 Logical Operators....360 Incrementing, Decrementing, and Shorthand Assignment....360 String Concatenation....360 Escape Characters....361 Variable Typing....361 Functions....363 Global Variables....363 Local Variables....363 Using let and const....364 The Document Object Model....367 Another Use for the Symbol....369 Using the DOM....370 About document.write....371 Using console.log....371 Using alert....371 Writing into Elements....371 Using document.write....371 Questions....372 Chapter 15. Expressions and Control Flow in JavaScript....373 Expressions....373 Literals and Variables....374 Operators....375 Operator Precedence....376 Associativity....376 Relational Operators....377 The with Statement....380 Using onerror....381 Using try...catch....382 Conditionals....383 The if Statement....383 The else Statement....383 The switch Statement....384 The ? Operator....386 Looping....387 while Loops....387 do...while Loops....387 for Loops....388 Breaking Out of a Loop....389 The continue Statement....389 Explicit Casting....390 Questions....391 Chapter 16. JavaScript Functions, Objects, and Arrays....393 JavaScript Functions....393 Defining a Function....393 Returning a Value....395 Returning an Array....397 JavaScript Objects....398 Declaring a Class....398 Creating an Object....400 Accessing Objects....400 The prototype Keyword....400 JavaScript Arrays....403 Numeric Arrays....404 Associative Arrays....405 Multidimensional Arrays....406 Using Array Methods....407 Questions....412 Chapter 17. JavaScript and PHP Validation and Error Handling....415 Validating User Input with JavaScript....415 The validate.html Document (Part 1)....416 The validate.html Document (Part 2)....418 Regular Expressions....421 Matching Through Metacharacters....422 Fuzzy Character Matching....422 Grouping Through Parentheses....423 Character Classes....424 Indicating a Range....424 Negation....424 Some More Complicated Examples....425 Summary of Metacharacters....428 General Modifiers....429 Using Regular Expressions in JavaScript....430 Using Regular Expressions in PHP....430 Redisplaying a Form After PHP Validation....431 Questions....437 Chapter 18. Using Asynchronous Communication....439 What Is Asynchronous Communication?....440 Using XMLHttpRequest....440 Your First Asynchronous Program....441 Using GET Instead of POST....445 Sending XML Requests....447 Using Frameworks for Asynchronous Communication....451 Questions....451 Chapter 19. Introduction to CSS....453 Importing a Stylesheet....454 Importing CSS from Within HTML....454 Embedded Style Settings....455 Using IDs....455 Using Classes....455 Using Semicolons....456 CSS Rules....456 Multiple Assignments....456 Using Comments....457 Style Types....458 Default Styles....458 User Styles....458 External Stylesheets....459 Internal Styles....459 Inline Styles....460 CSS Selectors....460 The Type Selector....460 The Descendant Selector....460 The Child Selector....461 The ID Selector....462 The Class Selector....463 The Attribute Selector....464 The Universal Selector....464 Selecting by Group....465 The CSS Cascade....466 Stylesheet Creators....466 Stylesheet Methods....466 Stylesheet Selectors....467 The Difference Between div and span Elements....469 Measurements....471 Fonts and Typography....473 font-family....473 font-style....474 font-size....474 font-weight....475 Managing Text Styles....475 Decoration....476 Spacing....476 Alignment....477 Transformation....477 Indenting....477 CSS Colors....478 Short Color Strings....478 Gradients....479 Positioning Elements....480 Absolute Positioning....480 Relative Positioning....481 Fixed Positioning....481 Pseudoclasses....483 Shorthand Rules....485 The Box Model and Layout....486 Setting Margins....486 Applying Borders....488 Adjusting Padding....489 Object Contents....491 Questions....491 Chapter 20. Advanced CSS with CSS3....493 Attribute Selectors....494 Matching Parts of Strings....494 The box-sizing Property....495 CSS3 Backgrounds....496 The background-clip Property....496 The background-origin Property....498 The background-size Property....498 Using the auto Value....499 Multiple Backgrounds....499 CSS3 Borders....501 The border-color Property....501 The border-radius Property....501 Box Shadows....504 Element Overflow....505 Multicolumn Layout....505 Colors and Opacity....507 HSL Colors....507 HSLA Colors....508 RGB Colors....508 RGBA Colors....509 The opacity Property....509 Text Effects....509 The text-shadow Property....509 The text-overflow Property....509 The word-wrap Property....510 Web Fonts....511 Google Web Fonts....512 Transformations....513 3D Transformations....514 Transitions....515 Properties to Transition....515 Transition Duration....516 Transition Delay....516 Transition Timing....516 Shorthand Syntax....517 Questions....518 Chapter 21. Accessing CSS from JavaScript....521 Revisiting the getElementById Function....521 The O Function....521 The S Function....522 The C Function....523 Including the Functions....524 Accessing CSS Properties from JavaScript....524 Some Common Properties....525 Other Properties....526 Inline JavaScript....528 The this Keyword....528 Attaching Events to Objects in a Script....529 Attaching to Other Events....529 Adding New Elements....530 Removing Elements....532 Alternatives to Adding and Removing Elements....532 Using Interrupts....533 Using setTimeout....534 Canceling a Timeout....535 Using setInterval....535 Using Interrupts for Animation....537 Questions....539 Chapter 22. Introduction to jQuery....541 Why jQuery?....542 Including jQuery....542 Choosing the Right Version....543 Downloading....544 Using a Content Delivery Network....544 Customizing jQuery....545 jQuery Syntax....545 A Simple Example....546 Avoiding Library Conflicts....547 Selectors....547 The css Method....547 The Element Selector....548 The ID Selector....549 The Class Selector....549 Combining Selectors....549 Handling Events....550 Waiting Until the Document Is Ready....551 Event Functions and Properties....552 The blur and focus Events....553 The this Keyword....554 The click and dblclick Events....554 The keypress Event....555 Considerate Programming....557 The mousemove Event....557 Other Mouse Events....560 Alternative Mouse Methods....561 The submit Event....562 Special Effects....563 Hiding and Showing....564 The toggle Method....565 Fading In and Out....566 Sliding Elements Up and Down....567 Animations....568 Stopping Animations....571 Manipulating the DOM....572 The Difference Between the text and html Methods....573 The val and attr Methods....573 Adding and Removing Elements....575 Dynamically Applying Classes....577 Modifying Dimensions....577 The width and height Methods....578 The innerWidth and innerHeight Methods....580 The outerWidth and outerHeight Methods....580 DOM Traversal....581 Parent Elements....581 Child Elements....585 Sibling Elements....585 Selecting the Next and Previous Elements....587 Traversing jQuery Selections....589 The is Method....590 Using jQuery Without Selectors....592 The .each Method....592 The .map Method....593 Using Asynchronous Communication....593 Using the POST Method....594 Using the GET Method....594 Plug-ins....595 jQuery User Interface....595 Other Plug-ins....596 Questions....596 Chapter 23. Introduction to jQuery Mobile....599 Including jQuery Mobile....600 Getting Started....601 Linking Pages....603 Linking Synchronously....604 Linking Within a Multipage Document....604 Page Transitions....605 Styling Buttons....610 List Handling....612 Filterable Lists....613 List Dividers....615 What Next?....618 Questions....618 Chapter 24. Introduction to React....621 What Is the Point of React Anyway?....622 Accessing the React Files....623 Including babel.js....624 Our First React Project....625 Using a Function Instead of a Class....626 Pure and Impure Code: A Golden Rule....628 Using Both a Class and a Function....628 Props and Components....629 The Differences Between Using a Class and a Function....630 React State and Life Cycle....631 Using Hooks (if You Use Node.js)....634 Events in React....634 Inline JSX Conditional Statements....636 Using Lists and Keys....637 Unique Keys....638 Handling Forms....639 Using Text Input....640 Using textarea....642 Using select....643 React Native....645 Creating React Native Apps....645 Further Reading....645 Taking React to the Next Level....646 Questions....646 Chapter 25. Introduction to HTML5....649 The Canvas....649 Geolocation....651 Audio and Video....653 Forms....654 Local Storage....654 Web Workers....654 Questions....655 Chapter 26. The HTML5 Canvas....657 Creating and Accessing a Canvas....657 The toDataURL Function....659 Specifying an Image Type....661 The fillRect Method....661 The clearRect Method....661 The strokeRect Method....662 Combining These Commands....662 The createLinearGradient Method....663 The addColorStop Method in Detail....665 The createRadialGradient Method....666 Using Patterns for Fills....668 Writing Text to the Canvas....670 The strokeText Method....670 The textBaseline Property....671 The font Property....671 The textAlign Property....671 The fillText Method....672 The measureText Method....673 Drawing Lines....673 The lineWidth Property....674 The lineCap and lineJoin Properties....674 The miterLimit Property....676 Using Paths....676 The moveTo and lineTo Methods....677 The stroke Method....677 The rect Method....678 Filling Areas....678 The clip Method....680 The isPointInPath Method....683 Working with Curves....684 The arc Method....684 The arcTo Method....687 The quadraticCurveTo Method....688 The bezierCurveTo Method....689 Manipulating Images....690 The drawImage Method....690 Resizing an Image....691 Selecting an Image Area....691 Copying from a Canvas....693 Adding Shadows....693 Editing at the Pixel Level....695 The getImageData Method....695 The putImageData Method....698 The createImageData Method....698 Advanced Graphical Effects....699 The globalCompositeOperation Property....699 The globalAlpha Property....702 Transformations....702 The scale Method....703 The save and restore Methods....704 The rotate Method....704 The translate Method....705 The transform Method....706 The setTransform Method....708 Questions....709 Chapter 27. HTML5 Audio and Video....711 About Codecs....712 The  Element....713 The  Element....715 The Video Codecs....716 Questions....719 Chapter 28. Other HTML5 Features....721 Geolocation and the GPS Service....721 Other Location Methods....722 Geolocation and HTML5....723 Local Storage....726 Using Local Storage....726 The localStorage Object....727 Web Workers....729 Drag and Drop....732 Cross-Document Messaging....734 Other HTML5 Tags....738 Questions....738 Chapter 29. Bringing It All Together....739 Designing a Social Networking App....740 On the Website....740 functions.php....740 The Functions....741 header.php....743 setup.php....746 index.php....748 signup.php....749 Checking for Username Availability....749 Logging In....750 checkuser.php....753 login.php....754 profile.php....756 Adding the About Me Text....757 Adding a Profile Image....757 Processing the Image....757 Displaying the Current Profile....758 members.php....761 Viewing a Users Profile....762 Adding and Dropping Friends....762 Listing All Members....762 friends.php....765 messages.php....768 logout.php....771 styles.css....773 javascript.js....775 Questions....776 Appendix A. Solutions to the Chapter Questions....777 Chapter 1 Answers....777 Chapter 2 Answers....778 Chapter 3 Answers....778 Chapter 4 Answers....780 Chapter 5 Answers....780 Chapter 6 Answers....781 Chapter 7 Answers....782 Chapter 8 Answers....783 Chapter 9 Answers....784 Chapter 10 Answers....785 Chapter 11 Answers....785 Chapter 12 Answers....786 Chapter 13 Answers....787 Chapter 14 Answers....788 Chapter 15 Answers....788 Chapter 16 Answers....789 Chapter 17 Answers....790 Chapter 18 Answers....791 Chapter 19 Answers....791 Chapter 20 Answers....792 Chapter 21 Answers....793 Chapter 22 Answers....794 Chapter 23 Answers....795 Chapter 24 Answers....796 Chapter 25 Answers....797 Chapter 26 Answers....797 Chapter 27 Answers....799 Chapter 28 Answers....799 Chapter 29 Answers....800 Index....801 About the Author....824 Colophon....824