The Rust Programming Language. 2 Ed

Title PageCopyrightAbout the AuthorsForewordPrefaceAcknowledgmentsIntroductionWho Rust Is ForTeams of DevelopersStudentsCompaniesOpen Source DevelopersPeople Who Value Speed and StabilityWho This Book Is ForHow to Use This BookResources and How to Contribute to This BookChapter 1: Getting StartedInstallationInstalling rustup on Linux or macOSInstalling rustup on WindowsTroubleshootingUpdating and UninstallingLocal DocumentationHello, World!Creating a Project DirectoryWriting and Running a Rust ProgramAnatomy of a Rust ProgramCompiling and Running Are Separate StepsHello, Cargo!Creating a Project with CargoBuilding and Running a Cargo ProjectBuilding for ReleaseCargo as ConventionSummaryChapter 2: Programming a Guessing GameSetting Up a New ProjectProcessing a GuessStoring Values with VariablesReceiving User InputHandling Potential Failure with ResultPrinting Values with println! PlaceholdersTesting the First PartGenerating a Secret NumberUsing a Crate to Get More FunctionalityGenerating a Random NumberComparing the Guess to the Secret NumberAllowing Multiple Guesses with LoopingQuitting After a Correct GuessHandling Invalid InputSummaryChapter 3: Common Programming ConceptsVariables and MutabilityConstantsShadowingData TypesScalar TypesCompound TypesFunctionsParametersStatements and ExpressionsFunctions with Return ValuesCommentsControl Flowif ExpressionsRepetition with LoopsSummaryChapter 4: Understanding OwnershipWhat Is Ownership?Ownership RulesVariable ScopeThe String TypeMemory and AllocationOwnership and FunctionsReturn Values and ScopeReferences and BorrowingMutable ReferencesDangling ReferencesThe Rules of ReferencesThe Slice TypeString SlicesOther SlicesSummaryChapter 5: Using Structs to Structure Related DataDefining and Instantiating StructsUsing the Field Init ShorthandCreating Instances from Other Instances with Struct Update SyntaxUsing Tuple Structs Without Named Fields to Create Different TypesUnit-Like Structs Without Any FieldsAn Example Program Using StructsRefactoring with TuplesRefactoring with Structs: Adding More MeaningAdding Useful Functionality with Derived TraitsMethod SyntaxDefining MethodsMethods with More ParametersAssociated FunctionsMultiple impl BlocksSummaryChapter 6: Enums and Pattern MatchingDefining an EnumEnum ValuesThe Option Enum and Its Advantages Over Null ValuesThe match Control Flow ConstructPatterns That Bind to ValuesMatching with Option<T>Matches Are ExhaustiveCatch-All Patterns and the _ PlaceholderConcise Control Flow with if letSummaryChapter 7: Managing Growing Projects with Packages, Crates, and ModulesPackages and CratesDefining Modules to Control Scope and PrivacyPaths for Referring to an Item in the Module TreeExposing Paths with the pub KeywordStarting Relative Paths with superMaking Structs and Enums PublicBringing Paths into Scope with the use KeywordCreating Idiomatic use PathsProviding New Names with the as KeywordRe-exporting Names with pub useUsing External PackagesUsing Nested Paths to Clean Up Large use ListsThe Glob OperatorSeparating Modules into Different FilesSummaryChapter 8: Common CollectionsStoring Lists of Values with VectorsCreating a New VectorUpdating a VectorReading Elements of VectorsIterating Over the Values in a VectorUsing an Enum to Store Multiple TypesDropping a Vector Drops Its ElementsStoring UTF-8 Encoded Text with StringsWhat Is a String?Creating a New StringUpdating a StringIndexing into StringsSlicing StringsMethods for Iterating Over StringsStrings Are Not So SimpleStoring Keys with Associated Values in Hash MapsCreating a New Hash MapAccessing Values in a Hash MapHash Maps and OwnershipUpdating a Hash MapHashing FunctionsSummaryChapter 9: Error HandlingUnrecoverable Errors with panic!Recoverable Errors with ResultMatching on Different ErrorsPropagating ErrorsTo panic! or Not to panic!Examples, Prototype Code, and TestsCases in Which You Have More Information Than the CompilerGuidelines for Error HandlingCreating Custom Types for ValidationSummaryChapter 10: Generic Types, Traits, and LifetimesRemoving Duplication by Extracting a FunctionGeneric Data TypesIn Function DefinitionsIn Struct DefinitionsIn Enum DefinitionsIn Method DefinitionsPerformance of Code Using GenericsTraits: Defining Shared BehaviorDefining a TraitImplementing a Trait on a TypeDefault ImplementationsTraits as ParametersReturning Types That Implement TraitsUsing Trait Bounds to Conditionally Implement MethodsValidating References with LifetimesPreventing Dangling References with LifetimesThe Borrow CheckerGeneric Lifetimes in FunctionsLifetime Annotation SyntaxLifetime Annotations in Function SignaturesThinking in Terms of LifetimesLifetime Annotations in Struct DefinitionsLifetime ElisionLifetime Annotations in Method DefinitionsThe Static LifetimeGeneric Type Parameters, Trait Bounds, and Lifetimes TogetherSummaryChapter 11: Writing Automated TestsHow to Write TestsThe Anatomy of a Test FunctionChecking Results with the assert! MacroTesting Equality with the assert_eq! and assert_ne! MacrosAdding Custom Failure MessagesChecking for Panics with should_panicUsing Result<T, E> in TestsControlling How Tests Are RunRunning Tests in Parallel or ConsecutivelyShowing Function OutputRunning a Subset of Tests by NameIgnoring Some Tests Unless Specifically RequestedTest OrganizationUnit TestsIntegration TestsSummaryChapter 12: An I/O Project: Building a Command Line ProgramAccepting Command Line ArgumentsReading the Argument ValuesSaving the Argument Values in VariablesReading a FileRefactoring to Improve Modularity and Error HandlingSeparation of Concerns for Binary ProjectsFixing the Error HandlingExtracting Logic from mainSplitting Code into a Library CrateDeveloping the Library’s Functionality with Test-Driven DevelopmentWriting a Failing TestWriting Code to Pass the TestWorking with Environment VariablesWriting a Failing Test for the Case-Insensitive Search FunctionImplementing the search_case_insensitive FunctionWriting Error Messages to Standard Error Instead of Standard OutputChecking Where Errors Are WrittenPrinting Errors to Standard ErrorSummary