Python 3 Data Visualization Using ChatGPT / GPT-4

Cover....1 Title Page....4 Copyright Page....5 Dedication....6 Contents....8 Preface....16 Chapter 1: Introduction to Python....20 Tools for Python....20 easy_install and pip....20 virtualenv....21 IPython....21 Python Installation....22 Setting the PATH Environment Variable (Windows Only)....22 Launching Python on Your Machine....22 The Python Interactive Interpreter....23 Python Identifiers....23 Lines, Indentation, and Multi-Line Comments....24 Quotations and Comments in Python....25 Saving Your Code in a Module....26 Some Standard Modules in Python....27 The help() and dir() Functions....27 Compile Time and Runtime Code Checking....28 Simple Data Types....29 Working with Numbers....29 Working with Other Bases....30 The chr() Function....31 The round() Function....31 Formatting Numbers....32 Working with Fractions....32 Unicode and UTF-8....33 Working with Unicode....33 Working with Strings....34 Comparing Strings....35 Formatting Strings....36 Slicing and Splicing Strings....36 Testing for Digits and Alphabetic Characters....37 Search and Replace a String in Other Strings....38 Remove Leading and Trailing Characters....39 Printing Text without NewLine Characters....40 Text Alignment....41 Working with Dates....41 Converting Strings to Dates....42 Exception Handling in Python....43 Handling User Input....44 Command-Line Arguments....46 Summary....47 Chapter 2: Introduction to NumPy....48 What is NumPy?....48 Useful NumPy Features....49 What are NumPy Arrays?....49 Working with Loops....50 Appending Elements to Arrays (1)....51 Appending Elements to Arrays (2)....51 Multiplying Lists and Arrays....52 Doubling the Elements in a List....53 Lists and Exponents....53 Arrays and Exponents....54 Math Operations and Arrays....54 Working with “–1” Subranges with Vectors....55 Working with “–1” Subranges with Arrays....55 Other Useful NumPy Methods....56 Arrays and Vector Operations....57 NumPy and Dot Products (1)....57 NumPy and Dot Products (2)....58 NumPy and the Length of Vectors....59 NumPy and Other Operations....60 NumPy and the reshape() Method....60 Calculating the Mean and Standard Deviation....61 Code Sample with Mean and Standard Deviation....62 Trimmed Mean and Weighted Mean....63 Working with Lines in the Plane (Optional)....64 Plotting Randomized Points with NumPy and Matplotlib....67 Plotting a Quadratic with NumPy and Matplotlib....68 What is Linear Regression?....69 What is Multivariate Analysis?....69 What about Non-Linear Datasets?....70 The MSE (Mean Squared Error) Formula....71 Other Error Types....71 Non-Linear Least Squares....72 Calculating the MSE Manually....72 Find the Best-Fitting Line in NumPy....73 Calculating the MSE by Successive Approximation (1)....74 Calculating the MSE by Successive Approximation (2)....77 Google Colaboratory....79 Uploading CSV Files in Google Colaboratory....80 Summary....81 Chapter 3: Pandas and Data Visualization....82 What Is Pandas?....82 Pandas DataFrames....83 Dataframes and Data Cleaning Tasks....83 A Pandas DataFrame Example....83 Describing a Pandas DataFrame....85 Pandas Boolean DataFrames....87 Transposing a Pandas DataFrame....88 Pandas DataFrames and Random Numbers....89 Converting Categorical Data to Numeric Data....90 Matching and Splitting Strings in Pandas....94 Merging and Splitting Columns in Pandas....96 Combining Pandas DataFrames....98 Data Manipulation With Pandas DataFrames....99 Data Manipulation With Pandas DataFrames (2)....100 Data Manipulation With Pandas DataFrames (3)....101 Pandas DataFrames and CSV Files....102 Pandas DataFrames and Excel Spreadsheets....105 Select, Add, and Delete Columns in DataFrames....106 Handling Outliers in Pandas....108 Pandas DataFrames and Scatterplots....109 Pandas DataFrames and Simple Statistics....110 Finding Duplicate Rows in Pandas....111 Finding Missing Values in Pandas....114 Sorting DataFrames in Pandas....116 Working With groupby() in Pandas....117 Aggregate Operations With the titanic.csv Dataset....119 Working with apply() and mapapply() in Pandas....121 Useful One-Line Commands in Pandas....124 What is Texthero?....126 Data Visualization in Pandas....126 Summary....128 Chapter 4: Pandas and SQL....130 Pandas and Data Visualization....130 Pandas and Bar Charts....131 Pandas and Horizontally Stacked Bar Charts....132 Pandas and Vertically Stacked Bar Charts....133 Pandas and Nonstacked Area Charts....135 Pandas and Stacked Area Charts....136 What Is Fugue?....138 MySQL, SQLAlchemy, and Pandas....139 What Is SQLAlchemy?....139 Read MySQL Data via SQLAlchemy....139 Export SQL Data From Pandas to Excel....141 MySQL and Connector/Python....142 Establishing a Database Connection....143 Reading Data From a Database Table....143 Creating a Database Table....144 Writing Pandas Data to a MySQL Table....145 Read XML Data in Pandas....147 Read JSON Data in Pandas....148 Working WithJSON-Based Data....150 Python Dictionary and JSON....150 Python, Pandas, and JSON....151 Pandas and Regular Expressions (Optional)....152 What Is SQLite?....155 SQLite Features....155 SQLite Installation....156 Create a Database and a Table....156 Insert, Select, and Delete Table Data....157 Launch SQL Files....157 Drop Tables and Databases....158 Load CSV Data Into a sqlite Table....159 Python and SQLite....160 Connect to a sqlite3 Database....160 Create a Table in a sqlite3 Database....160 Insert Data in a sqlite3 Table....160 Select Data From a sqlite3 Table....161 Populate a Pandas Dataframe From a sqlite3 Table....162 Histogram With Data From a sqlite3 Table (1)....162 Histogram With Data From a sqlite3 Table (2)....163 Working With sqlite3 Tools....164 SQLiteStudio Installation....165 DB Browser for SQLite Installation....166 SQLiteDict (Optional)....166 Working With Beautiful Soup....167 Parsing an HTML Web Page....168 Beautiful Soup and Pandas....170 Beautiful Soup and Live HTML Web Pages....172 Summary....173 Chapter 5: Matplotlib and Visualization....176 What is Data Visualization?....177 Types of Data Visualization....178 What is Matplotlib?....178 Matplotlib Styles....179 Display Attribute Values....180 Color Values in Matplotlib....181 Cubed Numbers in Matplotlib....182 Horizontal Lines in Matplotlib....182 Slanted Lines in Matplotlib....183 Parallel Slanted Lines in Matplotlib....184 A Grid of Points in Matplotlib....185 A Dotted Grid in Matplotlib....186 Two Lines and a Legend in Matplotlib....187 Loading Images in Matplotlib....188 A Checkerboard in Matplotlib....189 Randomized Data Points in Matplotlib....190 A Set of Line Segments in Matplotlib....191 Plotting Multiple Lines in Matplotlib....192 Trigonometric Functions in Matplotlib....193 A Histogram in Matplotlib....193 Histogram with Data from a sqlite3 Table....194 Plot Bar Charts in Matplotlib....196 Plot a Pie Chart in Matplotlib....197 Heat Maps in Matplotlib....198 Save Plot as a PNG File....199 Working with SweetViz....200 Working with Skimpy....201 3D Charts in Matplotlib....202 Plotting Financial Data with MPLFINANCE....203 Charts and Graphs with Data from Sqlite3....204 Summary....206 Chapter 6: Seaborn for Data Visualization....208 Working With Seaborn....208 Features of Seaborn....209 Seaborn Dataset Names....209 Seaborn Built-In Datasets....210 The Iris Dataset in Seaborn....211 The Titanic Dataset in Seaborn....212 Extracting Data From Titanic Dataset in Seaborn (1)....212 Extracting Data From Titanic Dataset in Seaborn (2)....215 Visualizing a Pandas Dataset in Seaborn....217 Seaborn Heat Maps....218 Seaborn Pair Plots....220 What Is Bokeh?....222 Introduction to Scikit-Learn....224 The Digits Dataset in Scikit-learn....225 The Iris Dataset in Scikit-Learn....228 Scikit-Learn, Pandas, and the Iris Dataset....230 Advanced Topics in Seaborn....232 Summary....234 Chapter 7: ChatGPT and GPT-4....236 What is Generative AI?....236 Important Features of Generative AI....237 Popular Techniques in Generative AI....237 What Makes Generative AI Unique....237 Conversational AI Versus Generative AI....238 Primary Objective....238 Applications....238 Technologies Used....239 Training and Interaction....239 Evaluation....239 Data Requirements....239 Is DALL-E Part of Generative AI?....239 Are ChatGPT-3 and GPT-4 Part of Generative AI?....240 DeepMind....241 DeepMind and Games....241 Player of Games (PoG)....242 OpenAI....242 Cohere....243 Hugging Face....243 Hugging Face Libraries....243 Hugging Face Model Hub....244 AI21....244 InflectionAI....244 Anthropic....245 What is Prompt Engineering?....245 Prompts and Completions....246 Types of Prompts....246 Instruction Prompts....247 Reverse Prompts....247 System Prompts Versus Agent Prompts....247 Prompt Templates....248 Prompts for Different LLMs....249 Poorly Worded Prompts....250 What is ChatGPT?....251 ChatGPT: GPT-3 “on Steroids”?....251 ChatGPT: Google “Code Red”....252 ChatGPT Versus Google Search....252 ChatGPT Custom Instructions....253 ChatGPT on Mobile Devices and Browsers....253 ChatGPT and Prompts....254 GPTBot....254 ChatGPT Playground....255 Plugins, Code Interpreter, and Code Whisperer....255 Plugins....255 Advanced Data Analysis....256 Advanced Data Analysis Versus Claude-2....257 Code Whisperer....257 Detecting Generated Text....258 Concerns About ChatGPT....259 Code Generation and Dangerous Topics....259 ChatGPT Strengths and Weaknesses....260 Sample Queries and Responses from ChatGPT....260 Chatgpt and Medical Diagnosis....262 Alternatives to ChatGPT....263 Google Bard....263 YouChat....264 Pi From Inflection....264 Machine Learning and Chatgpt....264 What is InstructGPT?....265 VizGPT and Data Visualization....266 What is GPT-4?....267 GPT-4 and Test Scores....267 GPT-4 Parameters....268 GPT-4 Fine-Tuning....268 ChatGPT and GPT-4 Competitors....269 Bard....269 CoPilot (OpenAI/Microsoft)....270 Codex (OpenAI)....270 Apple GPT....271 PaLM-2....271 Med-PaLM M....271 Claude-2....271 Llama-2....272 How to Download Llama-2....272 Llama-2 Architecture Features....273 Fine-Tuning Llama-2....273 When Will GPT-5 Be Available?....274 Summary....274 Chapter 8: ChatGPT and Data Visualization....276 Working with Charts and Graphs....277 Bar Charts....277 Pie Charts....277 Line Graphs....278 Heat Maps....278 Histograms....279 Box Plots....279 Pareto Charts....279 Radar Charts....280 Treemaps....280 Waterfall Charts....280 Line Plots with Matplotlib....281 A Pie Chart Using Matplotlib....282 Box and Whisker Plots Using Matplotlib....283 Time Series Visualization with Matplotlib....284 Stacked Bar Charts with Matplotlib....285 Donut Charts Using Matplotlib....286 3D Surface Plots with Matplotlib....287 Radial or Spider Charts with Matplotlib....288 Matplotlib’s Contour Plots....290 Stream Plots for Vector Fields....291 Quiver Plots for Vector Fields....293 Polar Plots....294 Bar Charts with Seaborn....295 Scatterplots with a Regression Line Using Seaborn....296 Heat Maps for Correlation Matrices with Seaborn....297 Histograms with Seaborn....298 Violin Plots with Seaborn....299 Pair Plots Using Seaborn....300 Facet Grids with Seaborn....301 Hierarchical Clustering....302 Swarm Plots....303 Joint Plot for Bivariate Data....304 Point Plots for Factorized Views....305 Seaborn’s KDE Plots for Density Estimations....306 Seaborn’s Ridge Plots....307 Summary....308 Index....310