Learn R for Applied Statistics: With Data Visualizations, Regressions, and Statistics

 Table of Contents....4 About the Author....10 About the Technical Reviewer....11 Acknowledgments....12 Introduction....13 Chapter 1: Introduction....14 What Is R?....14 High-Level and Low-Level Languages....15 What Is Statistics?....16 What Is Data Science?....17 What Is Data Mining?....19 Business Understanding....21 Data Understanding....21 Data Preparation....21 Modeling....22 Evaluation....22 Deployment....22 What Is Text Mining?....22 Data Acquisition....23 Text Preprocessing....23 Modeling....24 Evaluation/Validation....24 Applications....24 Natural Language Processing....24 Three Types of Analytics....25 Descriptive Analytics....25 Predictive Analytics....26 Prescriptive Analytics....26 Big Data....26 Volume....26 Velocity....27 Variety....27 Why R?....28 Conclusion....29 References....31 Chapter 2: Getting Started....32 What Is R?....32 The Integrated Development Environment....33 RStudio: The IDE for R....35 Installation of R and RStudio....35 Writing Scripts in R and RStudio....43 Conclusion....49 References....50 Chapter 3: Basic Syntax....51 Writing in R Console....51 Using the Code Editor....54 Adding Comments to the Code....58 Variables....59 Data Types....60 Vectors....62 Lists....65 Matrix....70 Data Frame....75 Logical Statements....79 Loops....81 For Loop....81 While Loop....83 Break and Next Keywords....84 Repeat Loop....86 Functions....87 Create Your Own Calculator....92 Conclusion....95 References....96 Chapter 4: Descriptive Statistics....99 What Is Descriptive Statistics?....99 Reading Data Files....100 Reading a CSV File....101 Writing a CSV File....103 Reading an Excel File....104 Writing an Excel File....105 Reading an SPSS File....106 Writing an SPSS File....108 Reading a JSON File....108 Basic Data Processing....109 Selecting Data....109 Sorting....111 Filtering....113 Removing Missing Values....114 Removing Duplicates....115 Some Basic Statistics Terms....116 Types of Data....116 Mode, Median, Mean....117 Mode....117 Median....121 Mean....121 Interquartile Range, Variance, Standard Deviation....122 Range....122 Interquartile Range....123 Variance....124 Standard Deviation....126 Normal Distribution....127 Modality....131 Skewness....131 Binomial Distribution....133 The summary() and str() Functions....135 Conclusion....136 References....137 Chapter 5: Data Visualizations....140 What Are Data Visualizations?....140 Bar Chart and Histogram....141 Line Chart and Pie Chart....148 Scatterplot and Boxplot....153 Scatterplot Matrix....157 Social Network Analysis Graph Basics....158 Using ggplot2....161 What Is the Grammar of Graphics?....162 The Setup for ggplot2....162 Aesthetic Mapping in ggplot2....163 Geometry in ggplot2....163 Labels in ggplot2....166 Themes in ggplot2....167 ggplot2 Common Charts....169 Bar Chart....169 Histogram....171 Density Plot....172 Scatterplot....172 Line chart....173 Boxplot....174 Interactive Charts with Plotly and ggplot2....177 Conclusion....180 References....181 Chapter 6: Inferential Statistics and Regressions....184 What Are Inferential Statistics and Regressions?....184 apply(), lapply(), sapply()....186 Sampling....189 Simple Random Sampling....189 Stratified Sampling....190 Cluster Sampling....190 Correlations....194 Covariance....196 Hypothesis Testing and P-Value....197 T-Test....198 Types of T-Tests....198 Assumptions of T-Tests....199 Type I and Type II Errors....199 One-Sample T-Test....199 Two-Sample Independent T-Test....201 Two-Sample Dependent T-Test....204 Chi-Square Test....205 Goodness of Fit Test....205 Contingency Test....207 ANOVA....209 Grand Mean....209 Hypothesis....209 Assumptions....210 Between Group Variability....210 Within Group Variability....212 One-Way ANOVA....213 Two-Way ANOVA....215 MANOVA....217 Nonparametric Test....220 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test....220 Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test....224 Kruskal-Wallis Test....227 Linear Regressions....229 Multiple Linear Regressions....234 Conclusion....240 References....242 Index....248