Hacker Culture A to Z: A Fun Guide to the People, Ideas, and Gadgets That Made the Tech World

Copyright....3 Table of Contents....6 Preface....8 Conventions Used in This Book....9 O’Reilly Online Learning....9 How to Contact Us....10 Acknowledgments....10 Chapter 1. A....12 Abacus....12 Abandonware....13 Activision....13 Adleman, Leonard....14 Advanced persistent threat (APT)....15 Agile methodology....16 Airgapping....16 Akihabara, Tokyo....17 Alderson, Elliot....18 Alphabet Inc.....19 Amazon Web Services (AWS)....19 AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)....20 Amiga....20 Android operating system....21 Anonymous....22 Apache/Apache License....23 Apple....24 ARM (Advanced RISC Machines)....26 ARPAnet....27 Artificial intelligence (AI)....28 Assange, Julian....28 Assembly....30 Atari....32 Atlus....34 Augmented and virtual reality....35 Autistic....36 AWS....37 Azure....37 Chapter 2. B....40 Babbage, Charles....40 Baer, Ralph....40 bash....41 BASIC....42 BBS....42 Bell Labs....42 Berkeley, University of California....43 Berners-Lee, Tim....44 Binary....46 BitTorrent....47 Blockchain....47 Botnet....47 Bug....47 Bulletin board systems (BBSes)....48 Byte magazine....49 Chapter 3. C....50 Calce, Michael “MafiaBoy”....50 Cama, Amat....51 Captain Crunch (John Draper)....52 Capture the Flag....53 Carnegie Mellon University....54 Carr, Iris....55 The Cathedral and the Bazaar (1999 book)....55 Certificates (cryptography)....56 Certificates (professional credentials)....57 ChatGPT....58 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)....60 CIA triad (confidentiality, integrity, availability)....60 CISSP....61 C languages....61 Cleartext....61 Closed source software....62 Cloud....62 Comic-Con....63 Commodore....64 Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE)....66 Consumer Electronics Show (CES)....67 Copyleft....68 CPU (Central processing unit)....68 Cray, Seymour....69 Creative Commons licenses....69 Crunch time....70 Cryptocurrency....71 Cryptography....73 Cult of the Dead Cow (cDc)....76 Cyberpunk....77 Cybersecurity....78 Chapter 4. D....80 Dark.Fail....80 Dark Web/darknet....80 DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)....81 Data....83 Da Vinci, Leonardo....83 Debian....85 DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation)....86 Deep Web....87 DEF CON....88 Demoscene....89 Denial-of-service (DoS, DDoS) attacks....90 Developers....91 DevOps....91 Diffie, Whitfield....92 Diffie-Hellman key exchange....93 Disk, disc....94 DOOM (video game)....94 DOS (Disk Operating System)....94 Draper, John....96 Dread forums....96 DRM (Digital Rights Management)....97 Dungeons & Dragons (game franchise)....98 Chapter 5. E....102 Electronic Arts....102 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3)....103 Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)....104 Electronics....104 Emacs....106 Email....107 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)....107 Enigma....109 “Ethical” hacking....109 Exploit....110 Chapter 6. F....112 Facebook....112 Fairchild Semiconductor....112 Floppy disk....114 Form factor....115 Freenet....115 Free Software Foundation (FSF)....116 Freeware....116 FUD....116 Chapter 7. G....118 Game Developers Conference (GDC)....118 Gates, Bill....118 Gibson, William....121 Git/GitHub....121 GNOME....122 GNU (software collection)....123 Go....123 Goldstein, Emmanuel....123 Google....123 Google Cloud Platform (GCP)....125 Governance....126 Graphical user interface (GUI)....126 Chapter 8. H....128 Hacker....128 Hackers (1995 film)....129 Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (2010 book)....130 Hackers on Planet Earth (HOPE)....131 Hacking Is Not a Crime....131 Hack the Box....132 Hacktivism....132 Hak5....133 Ham radio....133 Hardware....135 Hellman, Martin....135 Hello World....137 Hewlett-Packard (HP)....138 Hexadecimal numbering....140 Hidden Figures (2017 film)....141 Homebrew Computer Club....143 Hopper, Grace....143 HTML (HyperText Markup Language)....145 Chapter 9. I....146 IBM....146 Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST); Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT)....148 Industrial control systems....150 Integrated development environment (IDE)....150 Intel....151 Intellectual property....152 Internet....152 Invisible Internet Project (I2P)....153 IRC (Internet Relay Chat)....154 Chapter 10. J....156 Jack, Barnaby....156 Jackson, Mary....157 Java....157 JavaScript....157 Jobs, Steve....157 Johnson, Katherine Coleman....160 Joy, Bill....160 Chapter 11. K....162 Kali Linux....162 Key....163 Keyboard....164 Chapter 12. L....166 Lamarr, Hedy....166 Larsson, Stieg....167 Lawson, Jerry....167 Levy, Steven....168 Linux....168 Lovelace, Ada....171 LulzSec....173 Chapter 13. M....174 Macintosh....174 macOS....174 Malware....174 Manning, Chelsea....175 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)....177 Meta....178 Metasploit Framework....180 Microcomputers....180 Microsoft....181 Minicomputers....183 Mitnick, Kevin....183 Miyamoto, Shigeru....185 MMO (Massively Multiplayer Online) games....186 Moore’s law....186 Morse code....187 Mr. Robot (TV show)....188 MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)....189 Multics....189 Chapter 14. N....190 Napster....190 National Air and Space Administration (NASA)....190 National Security Agency (NSA)....190 Networking....190 NeXT Computer....191 Nihon Falcom....191 Nintendo....192 Nonfungible tokens (NFTs)....193 NVIDIA....195 Chapter 15. O....196 OpenAI....196 Open source....196 Open Worldwide Application Security Project (OWASP)....197 Operating systems....198 Operational security....198 Chapter 16. P....200 Packet switching....200 Page, Larry....201 PEBKAC....202 Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks....202 Penetration testing....203 PGP....203 Personal computers....203 Phishing....205 Phreaking....205 Ping....206 Piracy....207 Pirate Bay/Pirate Party....208 Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999 film)....209 Pizza....210 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)....210 Programming....211 Proprietary software....211 Proxy networks....212 Python....212 Chapter 17. Q....214 Quantum computing....214 Chapter 18. R....216 Radio....216 RadioShack....216 Ramachandran, Vivek....217 Ransomware....218 Raspberry Pi....218 README files....219 Reddit....219 Red Hat....220 Ritchie, Dennis....221 Rivest, Ron....221 Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) cryptography....222 Robotics....223 Roleplaying games (RPGs)....224 Chapter 19. S....226 Sakura, Futaba....226 Salander, Lisbeth....226 SCADA (Supervisory control and data acquisition)....227 Schneier, Bruce....227 Script kiddie....228 Search engines....228 Sega....228 Semiconductors....230 Shamir, Adi....230 Shareware/freeware/abandonware....230 Signal (messaging app)....231 Silicon Valley....231 Silk Road....232 Smartphone....233 Snowden, Edward....234 Social media....235 Spyware....235 Stallman, Richard....236 Stanford University....237 Startups....238 Steam....238 Stuxnet....239 Sun Microsystems....240 Supercomputers....240 Swartz, Aaron....242 Syntax....243 Chapter 20. T....246 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)....246 Tech Model Railroad Club....247 Telephones....248 Texas Instruments....249 Thompson, Ken....249 Threat actor....250 Timesharing....250 Tokyo Denki University....252 Tor (The Onion Router)....252 Torvalds, Linus....253 Tramiel, Jack....254 Transistor....254 Tribe of Hackers....254 Turing, Alan....255 2600 (Twenty-Six Hundred): The Hacker Quarterly (magazine)....257 Twitter....259 Chapter 21. U....260 UNIX....260 Unreal Engine....260 Usenet....261 Chapter 22. V....264 Valve....264 Vaughan, Dorothy....264 Version control....264 vi....264 Video games....265 Virtual reality (VR)....265 Virus....265 VisiCalc....267 Chapter 23. W....268 Wardialing....268 Wardriving....268 WarGames (1983 film)....268 Watch_Dogs (video game series)....269 Waterloo, University of....269 Whiteboard interviews....270 Whitehat hackers....270 WiFi....270 WikiLeaks....271 Wikipedia....271 Windows....272 WIRED magazine....272 World War II....272 World Wide Web....272 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)....273 Worm....273 Wozniak, Steve....274 WYSIWYG....276 Chapter 24. X....278 Xbox....278 Xerox....278 Xfce....279 Xiao Tian....279 Chapter 25. Y....282 Yahoo!....282 Y Combinator....283 Chapter 26. Z....284 Zero day....284 Zettabyte Era....284 Zork....285 Zuckerberg, Mark....285 About the Author....287