Encyclopedia of Cryptography, Security and Privacy. 3 Ed

Preface....5 Acknowledgments....6 About the Editors....7 Section Editors....10 List of Contributors....22 A....59 5G....59 A5/1....59 Definition....59 Background....59 Theory....59 Description of the Running-Key Generator....59 Attacks on A5/1....60 Cross-References....60 Recommended Reading....60 ABAC....61 ABE....61 Abuse....61 Abuse of Trust....61 Access and Adversary Structure....61 Definition....61 Theory....61 Cross-References....62 References....62 Access Control....62 Access Control for Cyber-Physical Systems....62 Synonyms....62 Definition....62 Background....62 Traditional Access Control Models....63 Advanced Access Control Models....64 Open Problems and Future Directions....65 References....66 Access Control Policies, Models, and Mechanisms....67 Definition....67 Background....67 Theory....68 Cross-References....69 References....69 Access Control Rules....69 Access Limitation....69 Access Matrix....69 Definition....69 Background....69 Theory and Application....70 Cross-References....72 References....72 Access Pattern....72 Synonyms....72 Definition....72 Background....72 Applications....72 Theory....73 Open Problems....75 Cross-References....75 Recommended Reading....75 Access Rights....76 Accountability....76 Accountability for Cyber-Physical Systems....76 Definition....76 Background....76 Application....77 Open Problems and Future Directions....78 Cross-References....78 References....78 Accountable and Traceable ABE....79 Accountable and Traceable Attribute Based Encryption....79 Synonyms....79 Definitions....79 Background....79 Theory....79 Applications....80 Open Problems and Future Directions....81 References....81 Acquirer....81 Definition....81 Recommended Reading....82 Acronym (DGA)....82 Active Authentication....82 Adaptation....82 Adaptive Chosen Ciphertext Attack....82 Definition....82 Cross-References....82 Recommended Reading....82 Adaptive Chosen Plaintext and Chosen Ciphertext Attack....82 Definition....82 Cross-References....83 Recommended Reading....83 Adaptive Chosen Plaintext Attack....83 Definition....83 Cross-References....83 Adaptive Control Framework (ACF)....83 Adaptive Cyber Defense....83 Synonyms....83 Definition....83 Background....83 Theory and Application....84 Open Problems and Future Directions....87 Cross-References....88 References....88 Administrative Policies....88 Definitions....88 Background ....88 Theory and Application....88 Open Problems and Future Directions....90 Cross-References....90 References....90 Administrative Policies in SQL....90 Synonyms....90 Definition....90 Application....90 Cross-References....92 References....92 Advanced Encryption Standard....92 Advanced Hash Competition....92 Advanced Persistent Threats....92 Synonyms....92 Definition....92 Background....92 Common Characteristics of APT Attack Campaigns....93 Open Problems and Future Directions....94 References....94 Adversarial and Trustworthy AI....94 Synonyms....94 Definition....94 Background....94 Evasion Attacks....95 Adversarial Inputs....95 Universal Perturbations....95 Data Poisoning Attacks....95 Trustworthy AI....96 Robust ML....96 Open Problems and Future Directions....96 References....97 Adversarial Artificial Intelligence (AI)....97 Adversarial Machine Learning (AML)....97 Synonyms....97 Definition....97 Background....97 Theory and Application....98 Open Problems and Future Directions....99 Cross-References....99 References....99 Adversarial/External Knowledge (Privacy in the Presence of)....100 Definition....100 Background....101 Theory....101 Open Problems....103 Cross-References....103 Recommended Reading....104 Adware....104 AES....104 Aggregate Signatures....104 Definition....104 Applications....105 Recommended Reading....105 Agility....105 Aging of Biometric Traits....105 Definition....105 Background....106 Theory....106 Open Problems and Future Directions....107 Summary....107 Cross-References....108 References....108 AHS Competition/SHA-3....108 Synonyms....108 Definition....108 Background....108 Applications....108 Cross-References....110 Recommended Reading....110 AI Act....111 AI and Big Data Analytics for Network Security....111 Definition....111 Background (Historical Data Optional)....111 Applications and Use Cases....112 Open Problems and Future Directions....113 Description of New Trends/Unsolved Problems....113 References....114 AI Approaches in Steganalysis Research....114 Definition....114 Background....114 Theory....115 Open Problems and Future Directions....116 References....117 AI Data Poisoning....118 AI in Intrusion Detection....118 AI: Artificial Intelligence....118 Air Traffic Management Security....118 Alberti Encryption....118 Definition....118 Cross-References....120 Recommended Reading....120 Algebraic Immunity of Boolean Functions....120 Synonyms....120 Definition....120 Background....120 Theory....120 Open Problems....121 Cross-References....122 Recommended Reading....122 Algebraic Number Field....122 Algebraic Side-Channel Attack....122 Synonyms....122 Definitions....122 Background....122 Application....123 Open Problems and Future Directions....123 Cross-References....123 References....123 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks....123 Algorithmic DoS....123 Synonyms....123 Definition....124 Background....124 Theory....124 Impact....124 Solutions....125 Applications....125 Recommended Reading....125 Algorithm-Substitution Attack....125 Alias....125 Alphabet....125 Definition....125 Background....125 Cross-References....126 Recommended Reading....126 Amplification DoS Attacks....126 Synonyms....126 Definitions....127 Theory and Application....127 Open Problems and Future Directions....128 Cross-References....128 References....128 An Economic View of Privacy Paradox....128 Anamorphic Cryptography....128 Definitions....128 Background....128 Theory....129 Open Problems and Future Directions....129 Cross-References....130 References....130 Android's Security Framework–Understanding the Security of Mobile Phone Platforms....130 Synonyms....130 Definition....130 Background....130 Application....131 Runtime Environment....131 Permission Model....132 Application Storage....133 Cross-References....134 References....134 Anomalous Binary Curves....134 Anomaly Detection....134 Anomaly Detection for CPS....134 Anonymity....134 Definition....134 Theory....134 Applications....136 Cross-References....136 References....136 Anonymity in Data Mining....137 Anonymity in OSNs....137 Synonyms....137 Definitions....137 Theory....137 Application....138 Open Problems and Future Directions....138 Cross-References....138 References....138 Anonymization of Aggregated Location Information....139 Anonymization of Aggregated Mobility Data....139 Anonymization of Personal Data (Legal Perspective)....139 Definition....139 Background....139 Theory....140 Open Problems and Future Directions....141 Cross-References....141 References....141 Anonymous Attribute-Based Encryption....141 Anonymous Communications over Delay Tolerant Networks....141 Definition....141 Background....141 Theory....141 Applications....143 Cross-References....143 References....143 Anonymous Communications over Blockchain Technology....143 Synonyms....143 Definitions....143 Background....144 Application....144 Mixing Services....145 Noninteractive Zero-Knowledge Proof....145 Ring Signature....145 Open Problems and Future Directions....146 Cross-References....146 References....146 Anonymous Web Browsing and Publishing....146 Definition....146 Theory....146 Applications....147 Open Problems....148 Experimental Results....148 Cross-References....148 Recommended Reading....148 Anthropometric Authentication....149 Anthropometrics....149 Anthropometry....149 Anti-DoS Cookies....149 Anti-jamming Strategy....149 Antispam Based on Sender Reputation....149 Antivirus....149 Application Permissions....149 Application-Level Denial of Service....149 Synonyms....149 Definition....149 Background....149 Theory and Application....150 Open Problems....151 Cross-References....151 References....151 Applications....152 Applications of Formal Methods to Intrusion Detection....152 Definition....152 Background....152 Applications....152 Open Problems....153 Cross-References....153 Recommended Reading....153 Applications of Formal Methods to Web Application Security....153 Synonyms....153 Definition....153 Background....154 Theory....154 Applications....155 Cross-References....155 References....155 Applications of Rank-Metric Codes....156 Applied Cryptography....156 APT Attack....156 APT Campaigns....156 APT: Advanced Persistent Threat....156 Arguments for Privacy Regulations....156 ARIA....156 Definition....156 Background....156 Theory....156 Open Problems....157 Cross-References....157 Recommended Reading....157 ARP Poison Routing (APR)....157 ARP Poisoning....157 ARP Spoofing....157 Synonyms....157 Definition....158 Background....158 Theory....158 Mitigation....158 External Solutions....159 Cryptographic Solutions....159 Cross-References....159 Recommended Reading....159 Artificial Intelligence....160 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Explainability....160 Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) and the GDPR....160 Synonyms....160 Definition....160 Background....160 Theory....160 Title I: General Provisions....161 Title II: Prohibited Artificial Intelligence Practices....161 Title III: High-Risk AI Systems....161 Title IV: Transparency Obligations for Certain AI Systems....163 Title V: Measures in Support of Innovation....163 Title VI: Governance....163 Title VII: EU Database for Stand-Alone High-Risk AI Systems....163 Title VIII: Post-Market Monitoring, Information Sharing, and Market Surveillance....164 Title IX: Codes of Conduct....164 Title X: Confidentiality and Penalties....164 Title XI: Delegation of Power and Committee Procedure....164 Title XII: Final Provisions....164 Open Problems and Future Directions....164 Cross-References....164 References....165 Artificial Intelligence Data Poisoning....165 ASCA....165 Assumptions....165 Definition....165 Theory....165 Unconditional and Quantum Security....165 Conditional Security....165 Cross-References....166 References....166 Asymmetric Cryptosystem....166 Synonyms....166 Definition....166 Theory....166 Application....166 Cross-References....167 Asymmetric Setting for Searchable Encryption....167 Synonyms....167 Definitions....167 Background....167 Theory....167 Parties....167 Algorithms....167 Security Notions....168 Search Capabilities....168 Open Problems and Future Directions....169 Cross-References....169 References....169 Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance....169 Synonyms....169 Definition....169 Background....169 Theory....170 Open Problems and Future Directions....172 Cross-References....172 References....172 Asynchronous Consensus....173 Asynchronous Stream Cipher....173 Attachment....173 Attack by Summation over a Hypercube....173 Attack Detection for Cyber-Physical Systems....173 Synonyms....173 Definition....173 Introduction....174 Theory or Application....174 Open Problems and Future Directions....175 Cross-References....175 References....176 Attack Evasion....176 Attack Graphs....176 Definitions....176 Background....176 Theory and Application....177 References....178 Attack Response....179 Attack Traceability....179 Synonyms....179 Definitions....179 Background....179 Applications....180 Open Problems and Future Directions....181 Cross-References....181 References....181 Attacker Models for Location Privacy....181 Definition....181 Background....182 Discussion & Open Issues....183 Cross-References....183 References....183 Attacks on Wi-Fi Availability....184 Attestation....184 Synonyms....184 Definition....184 Background....184 Theory and Applications....184 Cross-References....185 Recommended Reading....185 Attribute Based Encryption with Access Policy Hiding....185 Synonyms....185 Definitions....185 Background....185 Theory....186 Applications....187 Open Problems....187 Cross-References....187 References....187 Attribute Certificate....187 Definition....187 Background....188 Theory....188 Applications....188 Cross-References....188 Recommended Reading....188 Attribute-Based Access Control....189 Synonyms....189 Definition....189 Background....189 Theory and Concepts....189 Open Problems and Future Directions....190 Cross-References....191 References....191 Attribute-Based Encryption....191 Synonyms....191 Definitions....191 Background....191 Theory....192 Applications....192 Open Problems and Future Directions....193 References....193 Attribute-Based Encryption with Offline Computation and Outsourced Decryption....193 Definition....193 Access Structures....193 Linear Secret Sharing Schemes....194 Background....194 ABE with Offline Computation....194 KP-ABE with Offline Encryption....195 CP-ABE with Offline Encryption....195 ABE with Outsourced Decryption....196 Open Problems and Future Directions....197 References....197 Attribute-Based Encryption with Searchable Encryption....198 Synonyms....198 Definitions....198 Background....198 Theory....198 Applications....199 Open Problems....199 Cross-References....200 References....200 Attribute-Based Encryption with Updatable Access Policy....200 Synonyms....200 Definitions....200 Background....200 Theory....201 Applications....202 Open Problems....202 Cross-References....202 References....202 Attribute-Based Keyword Search over Encrypted Data....202 Attribute-Based Signatures....202 Auditability....202 Authenticated Data Feed....202 Authenticated Encryption....203 Introduction....203 Background....203 Security....203 Associated Data....204 Provable Security....204 AE Schemes....204 Conventions....204 Generic Composition....204 Security....205 Performance....206 Associated Data....206 Can We Do Better?....206 Single-Pass Combined Modes....207 IAPM....207 Comments on IAPM....207 XCBC and OCB....208 Associated Data....208 Intellectual Property....208 Two-Pass Combined Modes....208 CCM Mode....209 CCM Is Parameterized....209 Comments on CCM....209 EAX Mode....209 CWC Mode....210 AE Primitives....211 Helix....212 SOBER-128....212 Beyond AE and AEAD....212 Cross-References....213 Notes on References....213 Recommended Reading....213 Authentication....214 Authentication (General Methods)....214 Synonyms....214 Definition....215 Background....215 Theory....215 Applications....215 Open Problems and Future Directions....216 Experimental Results....216 Cross-References....216 References....216 Authentication for Cyber-Physical Systems....217 Synonyms....217 Definitions....217 Background....217 Application....218 Sensor Authentication....218 Actuator Authentication....219 Process Authentication....219 PLC Authentication....219 Control Logic Authentication....219 Open Problems and Future Directions....220 References....220 Authentication Token....221 Synonyms....221 Related Concepts and Keywords....221 Definition....221 Theory....222 Applications....222 Open Problems and Future Directions....223 Cross-References....223 References....223 Authentication, from an Information Theoretic Perspective....223 Synonyms....223 Definition....224 Background....224 Theory....224 Recommended Reading....225 Authorization....226 Authorizations....226 Synonyms....226 Definition....226 Background....226 Theory and Application....226 Advanced Authorizations....228 Cross-References....229 References....229 Autocorrelation....229 Definition....229 Application....229 Cross-References....229 Recommended Reading....229 Autograph....230 Autonomous Cyber Response....230 Autotomic Signatures....230 Definition....230 Availability....230 Definition....230 Theory....230 B....231 Bank Card....231 Barrett's Algorithm....231 Definition....231 Recommended Reading....231 Barter....231 Base....231 Beaufort Encryption....232 Definition....232 Cross-References....232 Recommended Reading....232 Behavioral Security....232 Synonyms....232 Definition....232 Background....232 Theory....232 Open Problems and Future Directions....234 Cross-References....235 References....235 Bell–La Padula Model....235 Synonyms....235 Definition....235 Background....235 Theory....236 First Volume: “Secure Computer Systems: Mathematical Foundations” (Bell and La Padula 1973)....236 Second Volume: “Secure Computer Systems: A Mathematical Model” (La Padula and Bell 1973)....237 Third Volume: “Secure Computer Systems: Refinement of the Mathematical Model” (Bell 1973a)....238 Fourth Volume: “Secure Computer Systems: Unified Exposition and MulticsInterpretation” (Bell and La Padula 1975)....239 Later Developments....239 Applications....240 Cross-References....241 Recommended Reading....241 Berlekamp Q-matrix....242 Definition....242 Theory....242 Cross-References....242 Recommended Reading....242 Berlekamp–Massey Algorithm....242 Definition....242 Background....243 Theory....243 Cross-References....243 Recommended Reading....244 Biba Model....244 Synonyms....244 Background....244 Theory....244 Applications....244 Cross-References....245 Recommended Reading....245 Big Number Multiplication....245 Big Number Squaring....245 Bilinear Pairings....245 Binary Euclidean Algorithm....245 Synonyms....245 Definition....245 Background....245 Theory....246 Applications....247 Cross-References....247 Recommended Reading....247 Binary Exponentiation....248 Synonyms....248 Definition....248 Background....248 Theory....248 Applications....249 Cross-References....249 Recommended Reading....249 Binary Functions....249 Binary GCD Algorithm....249 Binding Pattern....249 Binomial Distribution....249 Definition....249 Theory....250 Applications....250 Bioinformatics....250 Biometric Authentication....250 Synonyms....250 Definition....250 Background....251 Theory....251 Applications....252 Open Problems and Future Directions....254 References....254 Biometric Cryptosystems....254 Biometric Detectors....254 Biometric Encryption....255 Synonyms....255 Definitions....255 Background....255 Theory and Application....255 Open Problems and Future Directions....257 Security....257 Data Representation....258 Real-World Performance and Deployment....258 References....258 Biometric Ethics....260 Biometric Fusion....260 Biometric Identification Errors....260 Biometric Identification in Video Surveillance....260 Biometric Information Ethics....260 Biometric Key Generation....261 Biometric Keys....261 Biometric Matching....261 Synonyms....261 Definition....261 Background....261 Theory....261 Open Problems and Future Directions....262 Cross-References....262 References....262 Biometric Passport Security....262 Biometric Performance Evaluation....262 Biometric Performance Measurement....263 Biometric Privacy....263 Synonyms....263 Definitions....263 Background....263 Theory....263 Classification of the Biometric Privacy Risks....263 Best Practice for Privacy Assessment in Biometrics....264 Template Protection....265 Template Transformations....266 Applications....266 Open Problems and Future Directions....266 References....267 Biometric Recognition....267 Biometric Recognition Errors....267 Synonyms....267 Definitions....267 Background....267 Biometric Verification and Identification....268 Evolution....268 Errors of a Biometric System....268 Theory and Application....271 Open Problems and Future Directions....271 Cross-References....271 References....271 Biometric Sample Quality....271 Synonyms....271 Definitions....271 Biometric Sample Quality for Different Biometric Modalities....272 Quality-Based Score Normalisation....273 References....274 Biometric Scanners....275 Biometric Sensors....275 Synonyms....275 Definition....275 Theory....275 Application....277 Open Problems and Future Directions....277 Cross-References....277 References....277 Biometric Social Responsibility and Supply Chain Implications....278 Synonyms....278 Introduction....278 Definition....278 Background....278 Consumer Relationship Management....278 Supply Chain Management (SCM) Trust Aspects....279 Theory of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as Strategy....281 CSR Policy Development....281 Applications and Future Directions....283 References....283 Biometric Spoofing and Its Evaluation....284 Synonyms....284 Definitions....284 Background ....284 Evolution....284 Errors of a Biometric System: Matching and Spoofing Detection....285 Theory and Application....287 Open Problems and Future Directions....287 Cross-References....287 References....287 Biometric Spoofing Evaluation....287 Biometric Standards....287 Definition....287 Background....287 Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs)....288 Application....289 Biometric Systems (INCITS/ISO/IEC 19794-1:2011 2018)....289 Types of Biometric Standards....289 Future Directions....293 References....294 Biometric Systems Evaluation....295 Synonyms....295 Definitions....295 Background ....295 Types of Evaluation....296 Evolution....296 Theory and Application....296 Technology Evaluation....296 Scenario Evaluation....298 Operational Evaluation....298 Open Problems and Future Directions....298 Cross-References....299 References....299 Biometric Testing....299 Biometric Transducers....299 Biometric Verification Errors....300 Biometrics....300 Biometrics (Synthetic, Artificial, Inverse, Recognition, Privacy, Forensics, Social Responsibility)....300 Biometrics Attacks....300 Biometrics for Authentication....300 Biometrics for Enrolment....300 Biometrics for Forensics....300 Synonyms....300 Definition....300 Background....300 Theory....301 Forensic Science....301 Computational Biometrics....301 Applications....301 Open Problems....304 Cross-References....304 Recommended Reading....305 Biometrics for Identity Management....305 Synonyms....305 Definition....305 Background....305 Theory or Application or Both....305 Biometrics in Identity Management....305 Biometrics and Authentication....306 Modalities and Maintenance....307 Storage of Biometric Reference....308 Use Cases....308 Open Problems and Future Directions....308 Cross-References....308 References....309 Biometrics for Wearable Devices....309 Background....309 Application....309 Wearable Constraints....309 Wearable Authentication....310 Case Study with NetHealth Biometric Dataset....310 NetHealth Dataset....310 Feature Engineering and Modeling....310 Case Study Findings....310 Open Problems and Future Directions....311 Summary....311 References....311 Biometrics in Ambient Intelligence....312 Related Concepts....312 Definition....312 Background....312 Application....313 Open Problems and Future Directions....314 Summary....315 Cross-References....315 References....315 Biometrics in Border Control....315 Background....315 Application....316 Open Problems and Future Directions....316 Summary....317 Reference....317 Biometrics in Video Surveillance....317 Synonyms....317 Definition....317 Background....317 Applications....318 Open Problems....319 Noncooperative User Behavior....320 Low Image Resolution....320 Image Blur....320 Interlacing in Video Images....320 Cross-References....320 Recommended Reading....320 Biometrics Security....321 Synonyms....321 Definitions....321 Application....321 Open Problems and Future Directions....322 References....322 Biometrics Vulnerabilities....323 Biometrics: Terms and Definitions....323 Definition....323 Background....323 Theory....323 Biometric Systems....323 Privacy....325 Application....326 Open Problems and Future Directions....327 Summary....327 References....327 BIOS Basic Input Output System....327 Birthday Paradox....327 Definition....327 Applications....328 Cross-References....328 Recommended Reading....328 Bitcoin....328 Definition....328 Background....328 Limitations, Mitigations, and Future directions....329 Cross-References....330 References....330 Black Box Algorithms....331 Black Hat Hacker....331 Blackmailing Attacks....331 Definition....331 Cross-References....331 Recommended Reading....331 Blind Signature....331 Synonyms....331 Definitions....331 Background ....331 Theory and Application....332 Open Problems and Future Directions....332 Cross-References....332 References....332 Blinding....333 Blinding Techniques....333 Synonyms....333 Definitions....333 Theory and Application....333 Cross-References....335 References....335 Block Ciphers....335 Definition....335 Background....335 Theory....335 Recommended Reading....342 Blowfish....342 Cross-References....343 Recommended Reading....343 BLP....343 BLP Model....343 BLS Short Digital Signatures....343 Background....343 Theory....344 Cross-References....344 Recommended Reading....344 Bluetooth Insecurity....345 Bluetooth Security....345 Synonyms....345 Definitions....345 Background....345 Theory....345 Secure Simple Pairing....345 LE Legacy Pairing....346 BR/EDR Legacy Pairing....346 Applications....346 Cross-References....346 References....346 Blum Integer....346 Definition....346 Background....347 Theory....347 Applications....347 Cross-References....347 Recommended Reading....347 Blum–Blum–Shub Pseudorandom Bit Generator....347 Definition....347 Theory....347 Cross-References....348 Recommended Reading....348 Blum–Goldwasser Public Key Encryption System....349 Definition....349 Theory....349 Cross-References....350 References....350 Boolean Functions....350 Synonyms....350 Definition....350 Background....350 Theory....350 Cross-References....354 Recommended Reading....354 Boolean Interrogations on Encrypted Data....354 Boomerang Attack....354 Definition....354 Theory....354 Cross-References....355 Recommended Reading....355 Botnet Detection in Enterprise Networks....355 Background....355 Theory and Applications....356 Open Problems....357 Cross-References....357 Recommended Reading....357 Broadcast Authentication from a Conditional Perspective....358 Synonyms....358 Definition....358 Background....358 Theory....358 Solutions Using Symmetric Cryptography....358 Solutions Using Asymmetric Cryptography....359 Applications....360 Open Problems....360 Cross-References....360 Recommended Reading....360 Broadcast Authentication from an Information Theoretic Perspective....360 Synonyms....360 Definition....361 Background....361 Theory....361 Cross-References....362 References....362 Broadcast Encryption....362 Definition....362 Background....362 Theory....363 Constructions....364 Fiat–Naor Construction....364 Logical Key Hierarchy....365 Subset Difference....365 References....366 Broadcast Stream Authentication....366 Browser Cookie....366 BSP Board Support Package....366 Buffer Overflow Attacks....367 Synonyms....367 Definition....367 Background....367 Application....367 Open Problems....370 Recommended Reading....370 Buffer Overrun....370 Bytecode Verification....370 Definition....370 Background....370 Applications....371 Recommended Reading....372 Byzantine Agreement....372 Synonyms....372 Definition....372 Background....372 Theory....373 Open Problems and Future Directions....376 Cross-References....376 References....376 C....378 C2 – Block Cipher....378 Definition....378 Background....378 Theory....378 Experimental Results....379 Cross-References....379 Recommended Reading....379 C2/CnC: Command and Control....379 Cæsar Cipher....380 Definition....380 Background....380 Cross-References....380 Recommended Reading....380 Camellia....380 Cross-References....382 Recommended Reading....382 Camouflage....382 Cascade Revoke....382 Cast....382 Cross-References....383 Recommended Reading....383 Cayley Hash Functions....383 Definition....383 Background....384 Theory....384 Open Problems....384 Cross-References....384 References....385 CBC-MAC and Variants....385 Definition....385 Background....385 Theory....385 Simple CBC-MAC....385 Variants of CBC-MAC....386 Standardization....388 Cross-References....389 Recommended Reading....389 CCIT2-CodeFriedrich L. Bauer: deceased.....390 Definition....390 Recommended Reading....390 CDH....390 Cellular Network Security....390 Cellular Privacy....390 Synonyms....390 Definition....390 Background....390 Theory....391 Applications....391 Open Problems and Future Directions....393 Cross-References....393 References....393 (Centralized) Multi-authority Attribute-Based Encryption....394 Certificate....394 Definition....394 Background....394 Applications....394 Cross-References....395 References....395 Certificate Management....396 Related Concepts....396 Definition....396 Certificate of Primality....396 Synonyms....396 Definition....396 Cross-References....396 Certificate Revocation....396 Definition....396 Applications....397 Periodic Publication Mechanisms....397 Online Query Mechanisms....398 Other Revocation Options....399 Cross-References....399 References....399 Certificateless Cryptography....400 Definition....400 Background....400 Theory....400 Applications....401 Open Problems and Future Directions....401 Cross-References....401 Recommended Reading....401 Certification Authority....401 Synonyms....401 Definition....401 Background....402 Deployment Results....404 Cross-References....404 References....404 Certified Mail....404 Synonyms....404 Definition....404 Background....404 Theory....404 Cross-References....405 References....405 Chaffing and Winnowing....406 Synonyms....406 Definitions....406 Background....406 Theory....406 Open Problems and Future Directions....407 References....408 Challenge-Response Authentication....408 Challenge-Response Identification....408 Synonyms....408 Related Concepts....408 Definition....408 Background....408 Theory....408 Applications....410 Open Problems and Future Directions....410 Cross-References....410 References....410 Challenge-Response Protocol....410 Chaum Blind Signature Scheme....410 Definitions....410 Theory....410 Cross-References....411 References....411 Chemical Combinatorial Attack....412 Definition....412 Experimental Results....412 Recommended Reading....412 Chinese Remainder Theorem....412 Synonyms....412 Definition....412 Background....412 Theory....412 Applications....413 Cross-References....414 Recommended Reading....414 Chinese Wall....414 Definition....414 Background....414 Theory....414 Applications....416 Cross-References....416 References....416 Chip Card....416 Chosen Ciphertext Attack....416 Definition....416 Cross-References....416 Recommended Reading....416 Chosen Plaintext and Chosen Ciphertext Attack....416 Definition....416 Cross-References....417 Chosen Plaintext Attack....417 Definition....417 Theory....417 Cross-References....417 Recommended Reading....417 Chosen-Prefix Attack....417 Chromosome....417 Chroot Jail....417 Synonyms....417 Definition....417 Background....418 Theory....418 Applications....418 Cross-References....419 Recommended Reading....419 Chroot Prison....419 Ciphertext-Only Attack....419 Definition....419 Cross-References....419 Recommended Reading....419 Ciphertext-Policy ABE....419 Clark and Wilson Model....419 Definition....419 Background....420 Theory....420 Cross-References....421 References....421 Classical Cryptosystem....421 Claw-Free....421 Definition....421 Background....422 Theory....422 Applications....422 Cross-References....422 Recommended Reading....422 CLEFIA....422 Definition....422 Background....422 Theory....422 Cross-References....423 Recommended Reading....423 Client Puzzles....423 Cliptography....423 Clock-Controlled Generator....424 Definition....424 Background....424 Theory....424 Applications....424 Example: The Alternating Step Generator....425 Cross-References....425 Recommended Reading....425 Closest Vector Problem....426 Synonyms....426 Definition....426 Background....426 Theory....426 Applications....427 Open Problems....427 Cross-References....427 Recommended Reading....427 Cloud Security....427 CMAC....428 Definition....428 Background....428 Theory....428 Cross-References....429 Recommended Reading....429 CMVP—Cryptographic Module Validation Program....429 Code Verification....429 Code-Based Cryptography....429 Definition....429 Applications....430 Cross-References....430 References....430 Codebook Attack....430 Definition....430 Applications....430 Cross-References....431 Cognitive Style....431 Collaborative DoS Defenses....431 Definition....431 Background....431 Applications....431 Attack Response Approaches....432 Attack Prevention Approaches....434 Open Problems and Future Directions....434 Cross-References....434 References....434 Collective Behavior....435 Collective Privacy....435 Collective Remote Attestation....435 Collision Attack....435 Definition....435 Background....435 Theory....435 Cross-References....436 References....436 Collision Fault Analysis....437 Collision Resistance....437 Synonyms....437 Definition....437 Background....437 Theory....437 Cross-References....438 References....438 Combination Generator....438 Definition....438 Theory....439 Cross-References....440 Recommended Reading....440 Commercial Off-the-Shelf....440 Commitment....441 Definition....441 Background....441 Theory....441 Cross-References....442 References....443 Commitment Schemes....443 Common Criteria....444 Synonyms....444 Definition....444 Background....444 Theory and Application....444 Acronyms....447 Open Problems....447 Recommended Reading....447 Common Criteria, from a Security Policies Perspective....447 Synonyms....447 Definition....447 Background....447 Theory....448 Evaluated Product....448 Security Requirements....448 Security Evaluation....449 Applications....450 Open Problems....450 References....450 Communication Channel Anonymity....450 Synonyms....450 Definitions....450 Background....451 Theory and Applications....451 Open Problems and Future Directions....452 References....453 Complexity Theory....453 Compliance Fatigue....453 Compositeness Test....453 Compromising Emanations....453 Computational Complexity....453 Synonyms....453 Definition....453 Theory....454 Open Problems....460 Cross-References....460 Recommended Reading....460 Computational Diffie-Hellman Problem....460 Synonyms....460 Definition....460 Background....460 Theory....461 Applications....461 Bit Security of the Diffie-Hellman Secret Key....462 Number Theoretic and Algebraic Properties....463 Cross-References....463 Recommended Reading....463 Computational Puzzles....465 Synonyms....465 Definition....465 Background....465 Theory....465 Applications....466 Recommended Reading....466 Computational Versus Unconditional Security....467 Definition....467 Cross-References....467 Recommended Reading....467 Computationally Sound Proof System....467 Conceptual Design of Secure Databases....467 Synonyms....467 Definition....467 Background....468 Application....468 Open Problems and Future Directions....471 References....471 Conceptual Modeling....471 Conditional k-Anonymity for Multidimensional Data....471 Conditional Lower Bounds for Oblivious RAM....471 Introduction....471 Background....472 The ORAM Model....472 Conditional Lower Bounds....473 The Boyle–Naor Lower Bound: Offline ORAM (Without Balls-and-Bins)....473 The Weiss–Wichs Lower Bound: Online Read-Only ORAM....473 Cross-References....474 References....474 Conference Key Agreement....474 Conference Keying....474 Confidential Data Storage....475 Synonyms....475 Definition....475 Background....475 Application....475 Open Problems and Future Directions....475 Cross-References....476 References....476 Confidential Queries for Encrypted Relational DBMS....476 Synonyms....476 Definitions....476 Private Queries Through Multilayered Encryption....477 Private Queries Through Searchable Symmetric Encryption....477 Private Queries Mediated by Trusted Hardware....478 Cross-References....478 References....478 Confidential Storage....479 Confidentiality....479 Configuration Security....479 Synonyms....479 Definition....479 Background....479 Theory....479 Application....480 Open Problems and Future Directions....481 Cross-References....481 References....481 Confirmer Signatures....481 Consensus....481 Consistency Verification of Security Policy....481 Contactless Cards....481 Definition....481 Background....481 Theory....481 Applications....482 Cross-References....482 Recommended Reading....482 Contactless Palmprint Biometrics....482 Content-Based and View-Based Access Control....482 Definition....482 Background....482 Theory....483 View Authorization....483 Content-Based Authorization....483 Row-Level Security....485 Open Problems....485 Cross-References....486 Recommended Reading....486 Context-Awareness....486 Context-Based Micro-training....486 Definition....486 Background....487 Theory and Application....487 Open Problems and Future Directions....488 Cross-References....489 References....489 Continuous Authentication....489 Synonyms....489 Definitions....489 Background....489 Application ....489 Open Problems and Future Directions....491 Summary....492 Cross-References....492 References....492 Contract Signing....492 Synonyms....492 Definition....492 Background....492 Theory....492 Cross-References....493 References....493 Control Vector....494 Definition....494 Background....494 Theory....494 Applications....494 Open Problems....494 Recommended Reading....494 Controlled Data Sharing in DOSNs....494 Conventional Cryptosystem....495 Cookie....495 Synonyms....495 Definition....495 Background....495 Theory....495 Applications....496 Open Problems and Future Directions....496 Cross-References....496 Recommended Reading....497 Coprime....497 Copy Protection....497 Definition....497 Theory and Applications....497 Open Problems....500 Recommended Reading....501 Corporations....501 Correcting-Block Attack....501 Synonyms....501 Definition....501 Background....501 Theory....501 Applications....502 Cross-References....502 References....502 Correlation Attack for Stream Ciphers....503 Definition....503 Theory....503 Cross-References....505 Recommended Reading....505 Correlation Immune and Resilient Boolean Functions....505 Definition....505 Background....505 Theory....505 Cross-References....507 Recommended Reading....507 Countermeasure Identification....507 Cover Story....507 Definition....507 Background....507 Theory....508 Cross-References....509 References....509 Covert Channels....509 Definition....509 Theory....509 Cross-References....510 References....510 Covert Channels over Wi-Fi....511 Synonyms....511 Definitions....511 Background....511 Theory....511 Application....512 References....512 CPS....513 CPS Forensics....513 CPS, Certificate Practice Statement....513 Definition....513 Background....513 Theory....513 Cross-References....514 Recommended Reading....514 CPU Consumption....514 CPU Denial of Service....514 Synonyms....514 Definition....514 Background....514 Theory....515 Applications....515 Open Problems....515 Recommended Reading....516 CPU Starvation....516 Cramer–Shoup Public-Key System....516 Definition....516 Background....516 Theory....516 Cross-References....517 Recommended Reading....517 Credential Vaulting....518 Synonyms....518 Definition....518 The Application....518 Future Directions....519 References....519 Credential Verification....519 Credential-Based Access Control....520 Definition....520 Background....520 Theory....520 Applications....521 Open Problems and Future Directions....521 Cross-References....522 References....522 Critical Information Infrastructure Protection....522 Critical Infrastructure....522 Cross Site Scripting Attacks....522 Synonyms....522 Definition....522 Theory....522 Recommended Reading....524 Cross-Chains....524 Cross-Correlation....524 Definition....524 Applications....524 Cross-References....524 Recommended Reading....524 CRT....525 Cryptanalysis....525 Definition....525 Applications....525 Statistical Approaches to Classical Cryptosystems....526 Cross-References....528 Recommended Reading....528 Crypto Machines....529 Definition....529 Applications*-7pt....529 Cross-References....531 Recommended Reading....531 Cryptographic Algorithm Evaluation....531 Cryptographic Credentials....531 Definition....531 Theory....531 Applications....534 Cross-References....534 Recommended Reading....534 Cryptographic Obfuscation....535 Cryptographic Protocol Verification....535 Cryptographic Puzzles....535 Cryptographic Subversion Attack....535 Cryptographically Enforced Dynamic Access Control....535 Cryptography on Reconfigurable Devices....535 Cryptology....535 Definition....535 Cross-References....537 Recommended Reading....537 Cryptophthora....537 Synonyms....537 Definition....537 Open Problems....537 Cross-References....537 Recommended Reading....537 Cryptosystem....537 Definition....537 Applications....537 Cross-References....538 Recommended Reading....538 CRYPTREC (Japanese Cryptographic Algorithm Evaluation Project)....538 Synonyms....538 Definition....538 Background....538 Applications....538 Overview....538 History....540 Open Problems (Future Schedules)....541 Other Activities....542 Cross-References....542 Recommended Reading....542 CTI: Cyber Threat Intelligence....542 Cube Attack....542 Synonyms....542 Related Concepts....542 Definition....543 Background....543 Theory....543 Scenario of the Cube Attack....544 Applications....544 References....544 Cut-and-Choose Protocol....545 Definition....545 Background....545 Cross-References....545 Recommended Reading....545 CVE-2017-5715....545 CVE-2017-5753....545 CVE-2017-5754....545 Cyber Attack Insurance/Protection....545 Cyber Awareness....546 Cyber Bonds....546 Cyber Crime....546 Synonyms....546 Definition....546 Background....546 Theory and Application....546 Theft....546 Disruption....547 Manipulation....547 Hybrid Activity....547 Open Problems and Future Directions....548 References....548 Cyber Crime Insurance/Protection....548 Cyber Deception....548 Synonyms....548 Definition....548 Background....548 Theory and Applications....549 Offensive Deception....549 Defensive Deception....549 Deception for Encouragement....549 Deception for Discouragement....550 The Costs of Deception....550 The Ethics of Deception....551 Open Problems and Future Directions....551 Cross-References....551 References....551 Cyber Deception Engineering....551 Synonyms....551 Definition....551 Background....551 Theory....552 Application....553 Open Problems and Future Directions....554 Cross-References....554 References....554 Cyber Derivatives....555 Cyber Forensics for Cyber-Physical Systems....555 Synonyms....555 Definitions....555 Background....555 Application....555 Open Problems and Future Directions....556 References....557 Cyber Insurance....557 Cyber Insurance and Security Investment Strategy....557 Synonyms....557 Definitions....557 Background....557 Theory....558 Modeling Cyber Risks....558 Pricing Cyber Insurance Contracts....559 Cyber Insurance and Security Investment Decisions....560 Open Problems and Future Directions....560 Cross-References....561 References....561 Cyber Insurance: Models and Challenges....561 Synonyms....561 Definition....561 Background....562 Theory and Applications....562 Actuarial Model for Pricing Cyber Insurance....562 Nonactuarial Model for Risk Management....564 Open Problems and Future Directions....564 References....564 Cyber Ransom....565 Cyber Risk Assessment....565 Cyber Risk Insurance, Lessons Learned So Far....565 Synonyms....565 Definition....565 Background....565 Theory and Application....566 Research Trends....567 Open Problems and Future Directions....567 Cross-References....568 References....568 Cyber Risk Measurement....569 Cyber Risk Protection....569 Cyber Risk Quantification....569 Synonyms....569 Definition....569 Theory....569 Open Problems and Future Directions....571 Cross-References....571 References....571 Cyber Risk Transfer....571 Cyber Risk, Risk Transfer, and Financial Innovation....571 Synonyms....571 Definition....571 Background....572 Theory and Application....572 Open Problems and Future Directions....574 Cross-References....574 References....574 Cyber Security Insurance Models....574 Cyber Security Insurance/Protection....574 Cyber Security Liability Insurance/Protection....574 Cyber Situational Awareness....574 Definition....574 Background....575 Theory....575 Cyber SA Data Triaging Systems....575 Desirable Cyber SA Capabilities....576 Open Problems and Future Directions....576 Cross-References....576 References....576 Cyber Threat Intelligence....576 Synonyms....576 Definition....576 Background....577 Theory and Applications....577 Open Problems and Future Directions....578 Cross-References....578 References....578 Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing....579 Synonyms....579 Definition....579 Background....579 Theory and Applications....579 Open Problems and Future Directions....580 Cross-References....580 References....580 Cyberattacks in Wireless IoT Systems....581 Cyber-Insurance Economics....581 Cyber-Insurance Market....581 Synonyms....581 Definition....581 Historical Background....581 A Techno-Economic Overview....582 Open Problems and Future Directions....583 Cross-References....585 References....585 Cyber-Insurance: Past, Present and Future....586 Definitions....586 Outline....587 Background....587 Advantages....589 Key Challenges....589 References....589 Cyber-Liability Economics....590 Cyber-Physical Range....590 Cyber-Physical System....590 Synonyms....590 Definition....590 Background....590 Theory and Application....590 Open Problems and Future Directions....591 Cross-References....592 References....592 Cyber-Physical Systems Governance....593 Cyber-Physical Systems Security....593 Cyberpsychology....593 Cybersecurity Awareness....593 Synonyms....593 Definition....593 Background....593 Theory and Application....594 Cybersecurity Awareness in Practice....595 Open Problems and Future directions....595 Cross-References....596 References....596 Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model....596 Cybersecurity Insurance....596 Cybersecurity Knowledge....597 Cybersecurity of the Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)....597 Synonyms....597 Definition....597 Background....597 Theory....597 Future Directions....598 Cross-References....598 References....599 Cybersecurity Skills....599 Synonyms....599 Definition....599 Background....599 Theory and Application....600 Technical Skills....600 Domain-Aligned....600 Offensive-v-Defensive Security....600 Cloud-Native Skills....601 Developer Skills....601 Process Skills....601 People Skills....602 Security Awareness....602 Pragmatic Security....602 Executive Reporting and Metrics....602 Open Problems and Future Directions....602 The Cybersecurity Skills Shortage....602 Cross-References....603 References....603 Cyclic Codes....603 Synonyms....603 Definition....603 Background....603 Theory....603 Applications....607 Cross-References....608 Recommended Reading....608 D....609 DAC....609 Data Act....609 Synonyms....609 Definition....609 Background....609 Theory and Application....610 Open Problems and Future Directions....610 Cross-References....610 References....611 Data Anonymization....611 Data Breach....611 Data Breach Impacts....611 Data Encryption....611 Data Encryption Standard (DES)....611 Background....611 Definition....612 Theory....612 Cryptanalysis of DES....613 Extensions of DES....616 Cross-References....617 Recommended Reading....617 Data Exfiltration....618 Synonyms....618 Definitions....618 Background....619 Theory/Application....619 Open Problems and Future Directions....620 Cross-References....620 References....620 Data Extrusion....620 Data Governance Act (DGA)....620 Synonyms....620 Definition....621 Background....621 Theory and Application....621 Open Problems and Future Directions....622 Cross-References....622 References....622 Data Leakage....622 Data Linkage....622 Synonyms....622 Definition....623 Background....623 Theory....623 Applications....625 Cross-References....625 Recommended Reading....625 Data Mining (Privacy in)....626 Synonyms....626 Definition....626 Background....626 Theory and Algorithms....626 Applications....627 Medical Databases....627 Bioterrorism Applications....628 Homeland Security Applications....628 Cross-References....629 Recommended Reading....629 Data Poisoning Attacks in Machine Learning....629 Synonyms....629 Definition....629 Background....629 Theory....630 Threat Model (A subsection of Theory)....630 Data Governance Scenarios (A subsection of Theory)....631 Attack Models (A subsection of Theory)....631 Defense Strategies (A subsection of Theory)....631 Open Problems and Future Directions....632 Cross-References....633 References....633 Data Privacy Regulations....633 Data Protection by Design....633 Data Protection by Design and by Default (DPbDD)....633 Synonyms....633 Definition....633 Background....634 Theory....634 Open Problems and Future Directions....635 Cross-References....635 References....635 Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA)....636 Synonyms....636 Definition....636 Background....636 Theory....636 Open Problems and Future directions....637 Cross-References....638 References....638 Data Protection Regulations....638 Data Remanence....638 Definition....638 Application....638 References....639 Data Theft....639 Database Administration Policies....639 Database Encryption....639 Synonyms....639 Definition....639 Theory....639 Encryption Level....640 Encryption Algorithm and Mode of Operation....641 Key Management....642 Open Problems and Future Directions....642 Cross-References....644 Recommended Reading....644 Database Governance Policies....644 Database Management Guidelines....644 Database Operational Policies....644 Database Protection....644 Data-Oblivious Shuffle....644 Davies-Meyer....645 Definition....645 Background....645 Theory....645 Cross-References....646 References....646 DDH Problem....646 De Bruijn Sequence....646 Definition....646 Theory and Application....646 Cross-References....648 Recommended Reading....648 Decentralized (Multi-authority) Attribute-Based Encryption....648 Decentralized Access Control....648 Decentralized Digital Identity....648 Decentralized Identity for IoT Systems....649 Synonyms....649 Definition....649 Background....649 Theory....650 Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs)....651 Example Scenario....651 Open Problems and Future Directions....653 Cross-References....653 References....653 Decentralized Trust Management....654 Deception....654 Deceptive Software and Networks....654 Decisional Diffie–Hellman Problem....654 Synonyms....654 Definition....654 Background....654 Theory....654 Candidate Groups....656 Applications....656 Cross-References....657 Recommended Reading....657 Decoding Algorithms....658 Synonyms....658 Definition....658 Background....658 Theory....658 Application....659 Cross-References....661 Recommended Reading....661 Decryption Exponent....661 Synonyms....661 Definition....662 Cross-References....662 Deduplication of Encrypted Data....662 Synonyms....662 Definition....662 Background....662 Theory....662 Applications....663 Open Problems....663 Cross-References....664 References....664 Deep Learning....664 Deniable Encryption....664 Definition....664 Theory....664 Cross-References....665 References....665 Denial of Service (DoS)....665 Denial-of-Service Detection....666 Synonyms....666 Definition....666 Background....666 Theory....666 Applications....668 Host Monitors....668 Network Monitors....668 Attack Detection Based on Observation of a Single Packet Stream....668 Deployment Issues: LAN Versus Network Edge Versus Tier-1 ISP....669 Collaborative Detection....670 Attacks Targeting Defenses....670 Attacks Targeting Vulnerabilities of Critical Infrastructure....670 Experimental Results....670 Open Problems and Future Directions....671 Recommended Reading....671 Deobfuscating Malware....671 De-obfuscation....671 Dependency Graphs....672 Synonyms....672 Definition....672 Background....672 Theory....672 Application....673 Open Problems and Future Directions....674 Cross-References....674 References....674 Derived Key....674 Synonyms....674 Definition....674 Theory....674 Cross-References....675 Recommended Reading....675 Designated Confirmer Signature....675 Synonyms....675 Definition....675 Theory....675 Applications....676 Open Problems....676 Cross-References....676 Recommended Reading....677 Designated Verifier Proofs....677 Cross-References....678 References....678 De-skewing....678 DES-X (or DESX)....678 Definition....678 Background....678 Theory....678 Cross-References....679 Recommended Reading....679 Detection and Threat-Hunting Approaches for Advanced Persistent Threats....679 Synonyms....679 Definition....679 Background....679 Application....680 APT Detection Mechanisms....681 Forensic Analysis and Threat Hunting of APTs....681 Open Problems and Future Directions....682 References....682 Detection-Based Countermeasure....683 Synonyms....683 Definitions....683 Background....683 Theory....684 Detection-Based Countermeasures....684 Redundancy in Hardware....685 Redundancy in Time....685 Redundancy in Information....686 Open Problems and Future Directions....686 Cross-References....686 References....687 Detector Placement Strategies....687 Synonyms....687 Definition....687 Background....688 Theory and Application....688 Game-Theoretic Approaches....688 Graph-Theoretic Approaches....689 Open Problems and Future Directions....690 Cross-References....690 References....690 Developer-Centred Security....690 Synonyms....690 Definitions....690 Background....690 Theory and Application....691 Open Problems and Future Directions....692 Cross-References....692 References....692 Device Pairing....692 DH Key Agreement....693 DHP....693 Dictionary Attack....693 Definition....693 Application....693 Cross-References....694 References....694 Dictionary Attack (I)....694 Definition....694 Theory....694 Cross-References....694 Differential Cryptanalysis....694 Cross-References....699 Recommended Reading....699 Differential Fault Analysis....699 Synonyms....699 Definitions....700 Background ....700 Analyzing Block Ciphers....700 Analyzing Public-Key Algorithms....701 Countermeasures....701 Cross-References....702 References....702 Differential Power Analysis....703 Synonyms....703 Definitions....703 Background....703 Theory....703 Open Problems and Future Directions....704 Cross-References....705 References....705 Differential Privacy....705 Synonyms....705 Definition....705 Background....706 Theory....706 Achieving Differential Privacy....706 Applications....707 Experimental Results....708 Open Problems and Future Directions....708 Cross-References....708 Recommended Reading....708 Differential Privacy for Location-Based Systems....708 -Differential Privacy....709 Differential–Linear Attack....709 Definition....709 Theory....709 Cross-References....709 Recommended Reading....709 Differentially Oblivious Algorithms....709 Differentially Private Oblivious RAM....709 Differentially Private ORAM....710 Synonyms....710 Definition....710 Theory....710 Open Problems....711 Cross-References....711 References....711 Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement....712 Synonyms....712 Definition....712 Background....712 Theory....712 Applications....713 Cross-References....713 References....714 Diffie–Hellman Key Exchange....714 Diffie-Hellman Problem....714 Digest Authentication....714 Digital Certificate....714 Digital Control....714 Digital Crime....714 Digital Forensic Readiness....714 Digital Forensics for CPS....714 Digital Signature Scheme Based on McEliece....714 Definition....714 Theory....714 General Idea....715 Signature Scheme Using Complete Decoding....715 Signature Scheme Using a Counter....715 Security and Practice....715 Security....715 Signature Size....716 Cross-References....716 Recommended Reading....716 Digital Signature Schemes....716 Definition....716 Theory....717 Cross-References....717 References....717 Digital Signature Schemes from Codes....717 Definition....717 Theory....718 Stern Identification Scheme and Signature....718 General Idea....718 Description....718 The Fiat-Shamir Paradigm....718 Variations on the Scheme....719 The Kababtiansky-Krouk-Smeets Scheme....719 General Idea....719 The Protocol....719 Security....719 Specialized Signatures....719 Identity-Based Signature....719 Ring Signature....719 Cross-References....720 Recommended Reading....720 Digital Signature Standard....720 Background....720 Theory....720 Cross-References....721 Recommended Reading....721 Digital Steganography....722 Definition....722 Background....722 Theory....722 Security Definition....723 Information-Theoretically Secure Steganography....724 Computationally Secure Steganography....725 Public-Key Steganography....726 Cross-References....727 Recommended Reading....727 Dining Cryptographers (DC) Network....727 Definition....727 Background....727 Theory....728 Open Problems....729 Cross-References....729 References....729 Direct Anonymous Attestation....730 Definition....730 Theory....730 Application....732 Open Problems and Future Directions....733 Cross-References....733 References....733 Disclosure Window....734 Discrete Logarithm Problem....734 Synonyms....734 Definition....734 Background....734 Theory....734 Applications....735 Experimental Results....735 Open Problems....735 Cross-References....735 References....735 Discretionary Access Control (DAC) Policies....736 Synonyms....736 Definition....736 Background....736 Theory and Application....736 Vulnerabilities of the Discretionary Policies....737 Cross-References....738 References....738 Distinguishing Attacks....738 Definition....738 Theory....738 Applications....738 Cross-References....739 Recommended Reading....739 Distributed Differential Privacy....739 Distributed Identity....739 Distributed Oblivious RAM....739 Synonyms....739 Definition....739 Background....739 Theory....740 Model and Definition....740 The Hierarchical Approach....740 Tree-Based Schemes....741 Optimizing Communication Using Server-Side Computation....741 References....742 Distributed Oblivious Transfer....742 Definitions....742 Theory....743 Cross-References....743 References....743 Divide-and-Conquer Side-Channel Attacks....744 Definitions....744 Background....744 Theory and Application....744 Diffusion Property....744 Divide-and-Conquer Methodology....745 Attack Output....746 Asymmetric Cryptography....746 Open Problems and Future Directions....747 References and Citations....747 Citations....747 Cross-References....747 References....747 DLP....747 DNA....748 Synonyms....748 *-12pt....748 Background....748 Theory and Applications....750 DNA Fingerprinting....750 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)....750 Satellite DNA....750 Enzymes....751 Regulatory Sequence Analysis Tools....751 Public Databases....751 CODIS System....751 GenBank....751 EMBL....751 DDBJ....751 Open Problems....752 The Drawbacks of DNA Profiling....752 Privacy Issues....752 Recommended Reading....752 DNS-Based Botnet Detection....752 Definition....752 Background....752 Theory and Application....752 Cross-References....753 Recommended Reading....753 DoS Attacks in Wi-Fi Networks....753 Synonyms....753 Definitions....754 Background....754 Application....754 Reactive Jamming....754 Channel Estimation Jamming....754 Interleaving Jamming....754 Medium Access Control (MAC) Attacks....754 Rate Adaptation Algorithms (RAA) Attacks....754 Link Layer Attacks....754 Network-Level Cascading Attacks....754 DoS for Evil Twins....754 Friendly Jamming....754 Open Problems and Future Directions....756 Cross-References....756 References....756 DoS Pushback....757 Definition....757 Introduction....757 Theory....757 Pushback Mechanism....757 Open Problems....758 Discussion....758 Recommended Reading....758 Doubly Efficient Private Information Retrieval....758 Definitions....758 Background....759 Theory....759 Formal Definition....759 Syntax....759 Correctness....759 Double Efficiency....759 Security....759 Definitional Variants....759 Public Client....759 Malicious Preprocessing Security....760 Transparent Preprocessing....760 Candidate Constructions....760 Open Problems and Future Directions....760 Cross-References....761 References....761 DPA....761 Duplication....761 Dynamic Access Control Using Identity-Based Encryption....761 Synonyms....761 Definition....761 Background....761 Security Analysis....763 Efficiency....764 Open Problems and Future Directions....765 Cross-References....765 References....765 Dynamic Analysis....766 Synonyms....766 Definition....766 Theory....766 Applications....767 Cross-References....768 Recommended Reading....768 Dynamic Defenses....768 Dynamic Malware Analysis....769 Synonyms....769 Definition....769 Background....769 Theory and Application....769 Cross-References....770 Recommended Reading....770 Dynamic Program Analysis....770 Dynamic Root of Trust....770 Synonyms....770 Definition....770 Background....771 Theory and Applications....771 Cross-References....771 Recommended Reading....771 Dynamic Separation of Duties....771 E....772 E0....772 Definition....772 Background....772 Theory....773 Applications....773 Cross-References....773 Recommended Reading....773 Ear Biometrics....773 Ears in Biometrics and Identity Science....774 Synonyms....774 Definition....774 Background....774 History of Ear Biometrics....774 Ear Anatomy....774 Ear Recognition....774 Holistic Approaches....775 Local Approaches....775 Geometric Approaches....776 Hybrid Approaches....776 Deep Learning....777 Identity Science and Ear Biometrics....779 Gender Classification from Ear Images....779 Other Information....779 Open Problems and Future Directions....779 References....781 Eavesdropping....782 Synonyms....782 Definition....782 Background....782 Applications....783 Open Problems....783 Cross-References....783 Recommended Reading....783 ECC....783 ECG Authentication....783 ECG Biometrics....783 Synonyms....783 Definition....783 Background....783 Theory....784 Applications....785 Open Problems and Future Directions....785 Cross-References....786 References....786 ECG Identification....786 ECG Verification....786 ECM....786 Economics of Cybercrime: Identity Theft and Fraud....787 Synonyms....787 Definitions....787 Background....787 Collection of Identity Theft and Fraud Data....788 Agency Data....788 Surveys....788 Interviews....788 News Stories....788 Reports from Affected Organizations....788 Anecdotal Information....788 Open Problems and Future Directions....788 References....789 Economics of Information Sharing....789 Synonyms....789 Definition....789 Background....790 Theory and Application....790 Information Sharing Among Firms....790 Sharing Security Information....791 Open Problems and Future Directions....792 Cross-References....792 References....792 Economics of Personal Data....793 Definitions....793 Background....793 Theory and Application....793 Personal Data as an Asset....793 Fair Usage of Personal Data....794 Open Problems and Future Directions....794 Cross-References....795 References....795 Economics of Privacy and Personal Data....795 Synonyms....795 Definition....795 Theory and Application....795 Open Problems and Future Directions....797 Cross-References....797 References....797 Economics of Privacy and the Paradox of Privacy....798 Synonyms....798 Definition....798 Background....798 Theory....798 Open Problems and Future Directions....799 Cross-References....800 References....800 Economics of Privacy: Privacy, a Machine Learning Perspective....800 Synonyms....800 Definitions....800 Background....800 Application....801 Economics of Privacy....802 Open Problems and Future Directions....802 References....802 Economics of Software Vulnerability Markets....803 Synonyms....803 Definition....803 Background....803 Theory and Application....803 Standardization....804 Market Characteristics....805 Open Problems and Future Directions....805 References....807 Economics of Surveillance....807 Synonyms....807 Definitions....807 Theory....807 Open Problems and Future Directions....810 Cross-References....810 References....811 ECPP....811 Edwards Coordinates....811 Edwards Curves....811 Synonyms....811 Definition....811 Background....811 Applications....812 Theory....812 Experimental Results....813 Cross-References....813 Recommended Reading....813 EEG Biometrics....814 Definitions....814 Background....814 Theory....816 Open Problems and Future Directions....818 Cross-References....818 References....818 Efficiency of Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptosystems....819 e-Government....819 Electrocardiogram-Based Biometrics....819 Electromagnetic Attack....819 Definition....819 Introduction....819 Background....819 History....819 Theory....820 Principles....820 Advantages....821 Context....821 Countermeasures....821 Conclusion....822 Cross-References....822 Recommended Reading....822 Electro-Magnetic Fingerprinting....823 Electromagnetic Security....823 Electronic Cash....823 Definition....823 Theory....823 Applications....825 Open Problems and Future Directions....825 Cross-References....825 Editorial Note....825 References....825 Electronic Check....825 Synonyms....825 Definition....825 Background....825 Theory....825 Applications....825 Cross-References....826 Recommended Reading....826 Electronic Crime....826 Electronic Payment....826 Definition....826 Background....826 Theory....826 Applications....827 Cross-References....828 References....828 Electronic Postage....828 Definition....828 Background....828 Theory....829 Applications....830 Cross-References....830 Editorial Note....830 Recommended Reading....831 Electronic Purse....831 Electronic Voting Schemes....831 Definition....831 Background....831 Theory....831 Discussion....832 References....833 Electronic Wallet....833 Synonyms....833 Definition....833 Background....833 Theory....833 Applications....835 Cross-References....835 Editorial Note....835 Recommended Reading....835 ElGamal Digital Signature Scheme....835 Background....835 Theory....836 Cross-References....836 Recommended Reading....837 ElGamal Encryption....837 ElGamal Public Key Encryption....837 Synonyms....837 Definition....837 Theory....837 Cross-References....837 References....838 Elliptic Curve Cryptography....838 Synonyms....838 Definition....838 Background....838 Theory....838 Cross-References....839 References....839 Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem....839 Definition....839 Background....839 Theory....839 Pollard's Rho Method....839 Index-Calculus Methods....840 Special-Purpose Algorithms....840 Attack on Prime-Field Anomalous Curves....840 Weil and Tate Pairing Attacks....841 Weil Descent....841 Cross-References....841 References....841 Elliptic Curve Isogenies....842 Definition....842 Applications....842 Theory....843 Vélu's Formulas....843 Endomorphism Ring....844 References....844 Elliptic Curve Key Agreement Schemes....845 Definition....845 Background....845 Application....845 Cross-References....846 References....846 Elliptic Curve Keys....846 Definition....846 Background....846 Application....846 Cross-References....847 References....847 Elliptic Curve Method for Factoring....847 Synonyms....847 Definition....847 Background....848 Theory....848 Applications....848 Experimental Results....849 Open Problems....849 Cross-References....849 Recommended Reading....849 Elliptic Curve Point Multiplication Using Halving....849 Definition....849 Background....849 Point Halving....850 Trace computations....850 Solving the quadratic equation....850 Computing square roots....850 Point Multiplication....851 Summary....851 References....853 Elliptic Curve Public-Key Encryption Schemes....853 Definition....853 Background....853 Applications....854 Cross-References....854 Recommended Reading....854 Elliptic Curve Signature Schemes....854 Definition....854 Background....855 Application....855 Cross-References....856 References....856 Elliptic Curve Trace computation....856 Elliptic Curves....856 Definition....856 Background....857 Theory....857 Simplified Weierstrass Equation....857 Group Law....858 Group Law for E/F:y2=x3+ax+b, char(F) ≠2,3....858 Group Law for E/F:y2+xy=x3+ax2+b, char(F) = 2....858 Group Order....859 Group Structure....859 Example....860 Cross-References....860 References....860 Elliptic Curves for Primality Proving....860 Synonyms....860 Definition....860 Background....860 Theory....861 Experimental Results....861 Cross-References....861 Recommended Reading....861 EMV....862 Definition....862 Background....862 Application: The EMV Architecture....863 The Transaction Flow....863 Offline Data Authentication (Offline CAM)....863 Online Card Authentication....863 Cardholder Verification Method....865 Terminal and Card Risk Management....866 Approved Algorithms....866 Cross-References....866 Recommended Reading....866 Encapsulation....867 Encoding....867 Encrypted Data Deduplication....867 Encrypted Data Indexing....867 Encrypted Keyword Index....867 Encrypted Ranked Search....867 Encrypted Relational Databases....867 Definitions....867 Background....867 Design Principles....868 Cross-References....869 References....869 Encrypted Search on Secure Enclaves....870 Encryption....870 Encryption – Historical Perspective....870 Definition....870 Example....870 Cross-References....870 Editorial Note....870 Recommended Reading....870 Encryption Exponent....871 Synonyms....871 Definition....871 Cross-References....871 Endowment Effect....871 Synonyms....871 Definitions....871 Theory....871 Open Problems and Future Directions....872 Cross-References....872 References....872 Enigma....872 Definition....872 Background....872 Theory (of Encryption and Cryptoanalysis)....874 Cross-References....876 Recommended Reading....876 Entity Authentication....877 Synonyms....877 Definition....877 Theory....877 Applications....877 Open Problems and Future Directions....878 Cross-References....878 References....878 Entity Authentication Protocol....878 Entity Resolution....878 Entropy Sources....878 Definition....878 Background....878 Theory....878 Entropy Density....879 Entropy Definition....879 Attack Models....879 Model 1....879 Model 2....880 Entropy Pool Architecture....880 Entropy Compression....880 Entropy Extraction....880 Experimental Results....880 Open Problems and Future Direction....881 Cross-References....881 Recommended Reading....881 ePassport Security....881 Error-Correcting Cyclic Codes....881 Error-Correction Decoding....881 Escrow Service....881 Ethical Aspects of Biometrics....881 Ethical Implications of Biometrics....881 Ethics of Biometrics....881 Synonyms....881 Definition....881 Background....882 Human Dignity....882 Surveillance....883 Privacy and Data Protection....883 Open Problems....884 Summary....885 References....885 Euclidean Algorithm....885 Synonyms....885 Definition....886 Background....886 Theory....886 Applications....889 Cross-References....889 Recommended Reading....889 Euclidean Lattice....889 Euclids Algorithm....889 Euler's Totient Function....889 Synonyms....889 Definition....889 Theory....889 Applications....890 Cross-References....890 Everywhere Second Preimage Resistant Hash Function (ESEC)....890 Evolution of Fault Attacks on Cryptosystems....890 Synonyms....890 Definitions....890 Background....890 Theory....891 Fault-Induced Information Leakage....891 Fault Injection Techniques....892 Countermeasures....892 Automated Tools....893 Open Problems and Future Directions....894 Cross-References....894 References....894 Exhaustive Key Search....896 Introduction....896 History....897 Modern Block Ciphers....898 Countermeasures....898 Frequent Key Changes....898 Eliminate Known Plaintext....898 Different Modes of Encryption....899 Extensive Key Setup....899 All-or-Nothing Encryption....899 Related Attacks....899 Conclusion....900 Cross-References....900 Recommended Reading....900 Existential Forgery of Digital Signatures....900 Definition....900 Applications....900 Recommended Reading....900 Explainable AI....901 Explainable Artificial Intelligence....901 Synonyms....901 Definition....901 Background....901 Theory....901 Open Problems and Future Directions....902 Cross-References....902 References....902 Explaining for the Paradoxical Behavior in Privacy Choices....902 Exploit and Vulnerability Trade....902 Exploit Dependency Graphs....902 Exploit Pricing....903 Exponential Key Exchange....903 Exponential Time....903 Definition....903 Theory....903 Applications....903 Cross-References....903 2k-Ary Exponentiation....903 Synonyms....903 Definition....903 Background....904 Theory....904 Cross-References....905 Recommended Reading....905 Exponentiation Algorithms....905 Definition....905 Background....905 Theory....906 General Exponentiation....906 Fixed-Base Exponentiation....906 Fixed-Exponent Exponentiation....906 Applications....907 Cross-References....907 Exposure....907 Exposure-Resilient Cryptography....907 Extend and Prune Side-Channel Attacks....907 Definitions....907 Background....907 Theory an Application....908 Elliptic Curve Cryptography....908 Extend and Prune Methodology....908 Applications: Attack Literature....910 Open Problems and Future Directions....910 References and Citations....910 Citations....910 Cross-References....911 References....911 Extended Euclidean Algorithm....911 Extension Field....911 Definition....911 Theory....911 Applications....912 Cross-References....912 Eye Region....912 Eye-Based Vascular Biometrics....912 Eye-Based Vascular Patterns....912 Synonyms....912 Definitions....912 Background....913 Commercial Systems....913 Open problems and Future directions....914 Mobile and On-the-Move Acquisition....914 Disease Impact and (Template) Privacy....914 Real-world Performance and Deployment....914 References....915 Eye-Based Vascular Recognition....915 F....916 3D Face....916 Synonyms....916 Definitions....916 Theory and Application....917 3D Face Representation....917 3D Face Acquisition....917 3D Face Recognition Systems....918 Open Problems and Future Directions....919 Summary....920 Cross-References....920 References....920 Face Association....920 Face Depth Map....920 Face Detection....921 Face Identification....921 Face Mesh....921 Face Morphable Model....921 Face Recognition from Still Images and Video....921 Synonyms....921 Definition....921 Background....921 Datasets....921 Face Detection and Alignment....922 Feature Representation....922 Face Association....922 Theory and Applications....923 Loss Function....923 Applications....924 Open Problems....924 References....924 Face Recognition Under Atmospheric Turbulence....926 Face Tracking....926 Face Verification....926 Facial Recognition....926 Factor Base....926 Definition....926 Applications....926 Cross-References....926 Factorization Circuits....926 Definition....926 Theory and Applications....926 Cross-References....928 Recommended Reading....928 Fail-Stop Signature....928 Definition....928 Background....929 Theory....929 Applications....930 Recommended Reading....930 Fair Exchange....930 Synonyms....930 Definition....930 Background....930 Theory....931 Cross-References....932 References....932 Fake Biometrics....932 False Data Filtering....932 False Data Injection Defense....932 Synonyms....932 Definition....932 Background....932 Theory and Application....933 Open Problems....934 Recommended Reading....934 Fast Correlation Attack....934 Definition....934 Theory....934 Applications....935 Cross-References....936 Recommended Reading....936 Fault Analysis....937 Fault Attack....937 Definition....937 Introduction....937 Fault Injection....937 Fault Exploitation....938 Cross-References....939 Recommended Reading....939 Fault Countermeasures....939 Fault Detection....939 Fault Diagnosis in Cyber-Physical Systems....939 Synonyms....939 Definitions....939 Background....939 Theory....940 Open Problems and Future Directions....942 Discrimination of Various Types of Faults....942 Distinguishing Faults from Malicious Attacks....943 Automated Decision-Making for Large-Scale CPS Systems....943 References....943 Fault Identification in Cyber-Physical Systems....944 Fault Injection....944 Fault Injection Attacks....944 Fault Isolation....944 Fault Sensitivity Analysis....944 Definitions....944 Introduction....944 FSA Attack on AES....945 Countermeasure....946 References....946 Fault Tolerance in Cyber-Physical Systems....946 Synonyms....946 Definitions....946 Theory and Application....946 Open Problems and Future Directions....948 Cross-References....948 References....948 FEAL....948 Cross-References....949 Recommended Reading....950 Fear Appeals....950 Feistel Cipher....950 Definition....950 Theory....950 Cross-References....951 Fermat Primality Test....951 Synonyms....951 Definition....951 Background....951 Theory....951 Cross-References....951 Recommended Reading....951 Fermat Test....952 Fermat's Little Theorem....952 Definition....952 Background....952 Theory....952 Cross-References....952 Recommended Reading....952 Field....952 Definition....952 Theory....953 Applications....953 Cross-References....953 File System Permissions....953 Filter Generator....953 Definition....953 Theory....953 Cross-References....955 Recommended Reading....955 Financial Innovation....956 Finger Back Surface Identification....956 Finger Dorsal Patterns Identification....956 Finger Knuckle Patterns Recognition....956 Finger Knuckle Print Recognition....956 Synonyms....956 Definition....956 Background....956 Theory....957 Characteristics of FKP Images....957 Construction of FKP Systems....957 Application....958 2D FKP Recognition....958 3D FKP Recognition....958 Open Problems and Future Directions....959 References....960 Finger Knuckle Surface Authentication....960 Finger Surface Identification....960 Finger Vein....960 Definitions....960 Background....960 Applications....961 Finger Vein Capture Devices....961 Biometric Recognition....961 Presentation Attack Detection....962 Biometric Template Protection....963 Finger Vein Quality....963 Commercial Use....963 Open Problems and Future Directions....964 References....964 Finger Vein Recognition....965 Fingerprint....965 Definition....965 Background....965 Theory....966 Fingerprint Images....966 Fingerprint Analysis....966 Fingerprint Matching....969 Security and Privacy in Fingerprint Recognition Systems....969 Open Problems and Future Directions....970 Summary....970 References....970 3D Fingerprint....971 Synonyms....971 Definitions....971 Background....971 Theory ....971 3D Fingerprint Reconstruction....971 3D Fingerprint Recognition....973 Open Problems and Future Directions....973 Summary....973 References....973 Fingerprint Authentication....974 3D Fingerprint Recognition....974 3D Fingerprint Reconstruction....974 Fingerprinting....974 Definition....974 Background....974 Theory....975 Fingerprinting of Digital Data....975 Fingerprinting of Analog Data....977 Cross-References....977 Recommended Reading....977 Finite Field....978 Definition....978 Theory....978 Applications....978 Open Problems....979 Cross-References....979 Recommended Reading....979 FIPS 140-2....979 Synonyms....979 Definition....979 Background....979 Theory and Applications....979 Acronyms....982 Cross-References....983 Recommended Reading....983 Firewall....983 Definition....983 Theory....983 Additional Definitions....986 Recommended Reading....986 Firewall Policy Analysis....987 Firewalls....987 Synonyms....987 Definition....987 Background....987 Complexity of Managing Network Access Control Polices....987 Network Access Control Background....988 Theory and Applications....990 Modeling of Rule Relations....990 Classification of Access-List Conflicts....991 Intra-Policy Access-List Conflicts....991 Inter-Policy Access-List Conflicts....992 Classification of Map-List Conflicts....993 Overlapping-Session Conflicts....994 Multi-Transform Conflicts....995 Open Problems....995 Experimental Results....995 Recommended Reading....996 Fixed Window Exponentiation....996 Fixed-Base Exponentiation....997 Definition....997 Theory....997 Applications....999 Cross-References....999 Recommended Reading....999 Fixed-Exponent Exponentiation....999 Definition....999 Theory....1000 Applications....1001 Cross-References....1001 Recommended Reading....1001 Flexible Authorization Framework (FAF)....1002 Definitions....1002 Background....1002 Theory....1002 Open Problems and Future Directions....1004 Cross-References....1005 References....1005 Flow Blocking....1005 Flow Policies....1005 Forensic Psychology....1005 Forensic Readiness....1005 Forensics Analysis for CPS....1005 Forged Resets....1005 Forgery of Digital Signatures....1005 Definition....1005 Theory....1005 References....1007 Formal Analysis of Cryptographic Protocols....1007 Synonyms....1007 Related Concepts....1007 Definition....1007 Background....1007 Applications....1008 Open Problems and Future Directions....1008 References....1009 Formal Analysis of Cryptographic APIs....1009 Related Concepts....1009 Definition....1009 Background....1009 Applications....1010 References....1010 Formal Methods....1010 Formal Methods and Access Control....1010 Definition....1010 Background....1010 Theory and Application....1011 Open Problems and Future Directions....1012 Cross-References....1012 References....1012 Formal Methods for the Orange Book....1013 Synonyms....1013 Definition....1013 Background....1013 Applications....1015 Cross-References....1015 Recommended Reading....1016 Formal Methods in Certification and Evaluation....1016 Synonyms....1016 Definition....1016 Background....1016 A Key Distinction Used Is in the Common Criteria....1017 Applications and Experiments....1017 Open Problems....1017 Cross-References....1018 Recommended Reading....1018 Formal Verification of Cryptosystems....1018 Synonyms....1018 Definition....1018 Background....1018 Applications....1019 Open Problems....1020 Cross-References....1020 References....1021 Forward Secrecy....1021 FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array....1021 FPGA Security....1021 Synonyms....1021 Definitions....1021 Background....1022 Theory....1022 Open Problems and Future Directions....1023 Cross-References....1024 References....1024 FPGA Trust....1025 FPGAs in Cryptography....1025 Synonyms....1025 Definition....1025 Background....1025 Applications....1026 Open Problems....1027 Recommended Reading....1028 Fraud....1028 Fresh Re-keying....1028 Definitions....1028 Theory....1028 Application....1029 Time-Memory Trade-Off Attacks....1029 Side-Channel Attacks....1029 The Choice for g....1029 Cross-References....1030 References....1030 Frictionless User Authentication....1031 Synonyms....1031 Definition....1031 Background....1031 Theory and Application....1031 Open Problems and Future Directions....1034 Cross-References....1035 References....1035 Function Field Sieve....1035 Definition....1035 Background....1035 Theory....1036 Experimental Results....1036 Cross-References....1036 Recommended Reading....1036 Functional Safety....1037 Fuzzy (Similarity) Search on Encrypted Data....1037 Fuzzy Search on Encrypted Data....1037 Fuzzy Searchable Encryption....1037 Synonyms....1037 Related Concepts....1037 Definition....1037 Background....1037 Solutions....1037 Open Problems....1039 Cross References....1039 References....1039 G....1041 Gait Biometrics....1041 Gait Forensics....1041 Gait Recognition....1041 Synonyms....1041 Definitions....1041 Background....1041 Algorithms....1042 Segmentation....1042 Time Series Features....1043 Global Features....1043 Matching....1043 Benchmark Datasets and Performance....1044 Open Problems and Future Directions....1046 Cross-References....1047 References....1047 Galois Counter Mode....1048 Synonyms....1048 Definition....1048 Background....1048 Theory....1049 Applications....1050 Open Problems....1050 Cross-References....1050 Recommended Reading....1051 Galois Message Authentication Code....1051 Gap....1051 Definition....1051 Applications....1051 Cross-References....1051 Recommended Reading....1051 GCD....1051 GCM....1051 GDPR....1051 Gene....1051 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)....1051 Synonyms....1051 Definition....1052 Background....1052 Theory....1052 Chapter I: General provisions....1052 Chapter II: Principles....1053 Chapter III: Rights of the Data Subject....1053 Chapter IV: Controller and Processor....1054 Chapter V: Transfer of Personal Data to Third Countries or Internal Organizations....1054 Chapter VI: Independent Supervisory Authorities....1054 Chapter VII: Cooperation and Consistency....1055 Chapter VIII: Remedies, Liability, and Penalties....1055 Chapter IX: Provisions Relating to Specific Processing Situation....1055 Chapter X: Delegated Acts and Implementing Acts....1055 Chapter XI: Final Provisions....1055 Open Problems and Future Directions....1055 Cross-References....1056 References....1056 Generalized Mersenne Prime....1056 Definition....1056 Applications....1057 Recommended Reading....1058 Generator....1058 Synonyms....1058 Definition....1058 Theory....1058 Applications....1058 Cross-References....1058 Generic Attacks Against DLP....1058 Synonyms....1058 Definition....1058 Background....1059 Theory....1059 Experimental Results....1060 Cross-References....1061 Recommended Reading....1061 Generic Group/Ring Model....1061 Definition....1061 Cross-References....1061 References....1061 Genetic Code....1061 Genome Privacy....1062 Synonyms....1062 Definitions....1062 Background....1062 Theory....1063 Open Problems and Future Directions....1063 Cross-References....1064 References....1064 Genomics....1064 Geo-Indistinguishability....1064 Synonyms....1064 Definitions....1064 Background....1065 Theory....1065 Open Problems and Future Directions....1065 Cross-References....1066 References....1066 Geometry of Numbers....1066 Geoprivacy....1066 Geo-Social Networks (Privacy of)....1066 Geo-Social Networks Privacy....1066 Synonyms....1066 Definitions....1066 Background....1066 Privacy Violations in geoSNs....1067 Theory....1067 Open Problems and Future Directions....1068 Cross-References....1069 References....1069 GMAC....1069 Synonyms....1069 Definition....1069 Background....1069 Theory....1070 Cross-References....1070 Recommended Reading....1070 GMR Signature....1071 Definition....1071 Background....1071 Theory....1071 Recommended Reading....1073 Goldwasser–Micali Encryption Scheme....1073 Definition....1073 Background....1073 Theory....1073 Cross-References....1073 Recommended Reading....1073 Golomb's Randomness Postulates....1074 Definition....1074 Theory and Applications....1074 Cross-References....1074 Recommended Reading....1075 GOST....1075 Cross-References....1075 Recommended Reading....1076 Governance in Cyber-Physical Systems....1076 Synonyms....1076 Definition....1076 Background....1076 Theory....1076 Open Problems and Future Directions....1077 References....1077 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)....1078 Synonyms....1078 Definition....1078 Background....1078 Application....1078 Cross-References....1080 References....1080 Grant Statement....1080 Definitions....1080 Theory....1080 Cross-References....1081 References....1081 Graph Anonymization....1082 Graphical Authentication....1082 Definition....1082 Background....1082 Theory and Application....1082 Open Problems and Future Directions....1083 Cross-References....1085 References....1085 Greatest Common Divisor....1086 Synonyms....1086 Definition....1086 Background....1086 Theory....1086 Cross-References....1086 Greatest Common Factor....1086 Gröbner Basis....1086 Synonyms....1086 Definition....1086 Open Problems....1087 Cross-References....1087 Recommended Reading....1087 Group....1087 Definition....1087 Theory....1087 Applications....1088 Cross-References....1088 Recommended Reading....1088 Group Attestation....1088 Group Behavior in Cybersecurity....1088 Synonyms....1088 Definition....1088 Background: Group Behavior....1088 Theory: Threshold Models of Collective Behavior....1089 Application: Example in Cybersecurity....1089 Open Problems and Future Directions....1092 Cross-References....1092 References....1092 Group Key Agreement....1092 Synonyms....1092 Definition....1092 Background....1092 Requirements....1093 Private Group Key Agreement for Small Groups....1093 Authenticated Group Key Agreement, Provable Security....1095 Authenticated Group Key Agreement: Robustness Against Insider Attacks....1096 Group Key Agreement for Large Groups....1097 Applications of GKA....1098 Cross-References....1098 Recommended Reading....1098 Group Key Distribution....1099 Group Key Exchange....1099 Group Privacy....1099 Group Signatures....1100 Definition....1100 Background....1100 Theory....1100 Applications....1102 Cross-References....1102 Recommended Reading....1102 H....1104 HABE....1104 Hacking the Human....1104 Hall Sensor Security, The....1104 Synonyms....1104 Definitions....1104 Background....1104 Theory....1104 Hall Sensor Basics....1104 Distinct Types of Batk....1105 Generation of Batk....1105 An Experimental Case Study....1105 Results....1106 Defense....1106 Shielding....1106 Robust Sensors....1107 Open Problems and Future Directions....1107 References....1107 Hand Geometry Biometrics....1108 Hand Geometry Recognition....1108 Synonyms....1108 Definitions....1108 Background....1108 Theory....1109 Applications....1109 Open Problems and Future Directions....1110 Cross-References....1110 References....1110 Hand Shape Biometrics....1111 Hand Vein Recognition....1111 Hand-Based Vascular Biometrics....1111 Hand-Based Vascular Patterns....1111 Synonyms....1111 Definitions....1111 Background....1112 Commercial Systems....1112 Open Problems and Future Directions....1113 Mobile and On-the-Move Acquisition....1113 Disease Impact and (Template) Privacy....1113 Real-World Performance and Deployment....1114 References....1114 Hand-Based Vascular Recognition....1116 Handwriting....1116 Handwriting Analysis....1116 Synonyms....1116 Definition....1116 Background....1116 Theory....1116 Applications....1119 Recommended Reading....1119 Hard-Core Bit....1120 Definition....1120 Theory....1120 Applications....1121 Cross-References....1121 Recommended Reading....1121 Hardware Backdoor....1121 Hardware Considerations for Post-quantum Cryptography....1121 Hardware Implementation Explorations of Post-quantum Cryptographic Primitives....1121 Hardware Intellectual Property Protection....1121 Hardware Intellectual Property Reverse Engineering....1121 Hardware Obfuscation....1121 Hardware Obfuscation and Logic Locking....1122 Synonyms....1122 Definitions....1122 Background....1122 Application....1122 Obfuscation Techniques....1122 Attacks on Obfuscation....1123 Open Problems and Future Directions....1124 Cross-References....1125 References....1125 Hardware Security....1125 Hardware Security in Cyber-Physical Systems....1125 Definitions....1125 Background....1125 Theory....1126 Open Problems and Future Directions....1127 Cross-References....1128 References....1128 Hardware Security in the Age of Machine Learning....1128 Synonyms....1128 Definition....1128 Background....1128 Application....1129 Machine Learning and Hardware for Security....1129 Machine Learning and Security of Hardware....1129 Open Problems and Future Directions....1130 Cross-References....1130 References....1130 Hardware Security Module....1131 Background....1131 Theory....1132 Useful Links....1132 Definitions (Extracted from ISO 15408)....1133 Tamper Evidence Requirement....1133 Tamper Resistance Requirements....1134 Cross-References....1134 Hardware Trojan....1134 Synonyms....1134 Definition....1134 Background....1134 Theory and Application....1135 Open Problems and Future Directions....1135 Cross-References....1136 References....1136 Hardware Trojan Horse....1136 Hardware Trojans....1137 Hardware-Induced Covert Channels in Wireless Networks: Risks and Remedies....1137 Synonyms....1137 Definitions....1137 Background....1137 Covert Channel Attacks in Wireless Networks....1137 Baseband Attack....1137 Analog/RF Trojan....1139 Hardware Trojan Defense Solutions....1141 Channel Noise Profiling....1142 Adaptive Channel Estimation (ACE)....1143 Open Problems and Future Directions....1143 Formal Metric....1143 Extension to Future Wireless Networks....1144 Covert Channel Prevention....1144 References....1144 Hash Agility....1145 Definition....1145 Background....1145 Theory and Applications....1145 Protocols and Applications....1145 Devices....1145 TPMs and Hash Agility....1145 Key Storage....1146 Platform Control Registers....1146 Certificate Chains....1146 Cross-References....1147 Recommended Reading....1147 Hash Chain....1147 Synonyms....1147 Definition....1147 Background....1147 Theory....1147 Application....1148 Open Problems and Future Directions....1148 Cross-References....1149 References....1149 Hash Functions....1149 Introduction....1149 One-Way Hash Function (OWHF)....1150 Collision Resistant Hash Function (CRHF)....1150 Relation Between Definitions....1151 Black-Box Attacks on Hash Functions....1152 Black-Box Attacks on the Compression Function....1153 Attacks Dependent on the Internal Details of the Compression Function....1154 Attacks Dependent on the Interaction with the Signature Scheme....1154 Custom Designed Hash Functions....1155 Hash Functions Based on a Block Cipher....1156 Hash Functions Based on Algebraic Structures....1158 Recommended Reading....1160 Hash Tree....1162 Hash-Based Message Authentication Code....1162 Hash-Based Signatures....1163 Synonyms....1163 Definition....1163 Theory....1163 Applications....1165 Cross-References....1165 Recommended Reading....1165 Header Injections....1165 Header-Based Attacks....1166 Synonyms....1166 Definition....1166 Background....1166 Theory....1166 Header Attacks Below the Application Layer....1166 Header Attacks at the Application Layer Level....1167 Applications....1168 Recommended Reading....1168 Herding Behavior....1168 Heredity....1169 HIBE....1169 Hierarchical Identity-Based Encryption and Attribute-Based Encryption....1169 Synonyms....1169 Definitions....1169 Background....1169 Theory....1169 Open Problems and Future Directions....1171 References....1171 Hierarchical ORAM Constructions....1171 Definition....1171 Background....1172 Theory....1172 Memory Organization....1172 Accessing Virtual Words....1173 Merging and Remapping Layers....1173 Open Problems and Future Directions....1174 Cross-References....1174 References....1174 High Assurance Evaluation Methods....1175 Higher Order Derivative Attack....1175 Hippocratic Database....1175 Synonyms....1175 Definition....1175 Background....1175 Theory....1175 Applications....1177 Open Problems....1177 Recommended Reading....1178 History-Based Separation of Duties....1178 HMAC....1178 Synonyms....1178 Definition....1178 Background....1179 Theory....1179 Applications....1180 Open problems....1180 Cross-References....1180 References....1180 Homomorphic Cryptosystems....1181 Homomorphism....1181 Definition....1181 Theory....1181 Applications....1181 Cross-References....1182 Recommended Reading....1182 Horizontal Scaling....1182 HRU....1182 Background....1182 Definition....1182 Theory....1183 Applications....1183 Open Problems and Future Directions....1183 Cross-References....1183 Recommended Reading....1184 HTTP Authentication....1184 Synonyms....1184 Definition....1184 Background....1184 Applications....1184 Open Problems....1185 Cross-References....1185 Recommended Reading....1185 HTTP Basic Authentication....1185 HTTP Cookie....1185 HTTP Digest Access Authentication Scheme....1185 HTTP Digest Authentication....1185 Synonyms....1185 Definition....1185 Background....1186 Applications....1186 Cross-References....1188 Recommended Reading....1188 HTTP Session Security....1188 Synonyms....1188 Definition....1189 Background....1189 Theory....1189 Open Problems....1190 Cross-References....1190 Recommended Reading....1190 HTTPS, HTTP Over TLS....1190 Definition....1190 Background....1191 Theory....1191 Cross-References....1191 Recommended Reading....1191 Human Factors in Secure Software Development....1192 Human Rights and Cybersecurity....1192 Definition....1192 Theory....1192 Future Directions....1194 Cross-References....1194 References....1194 Human Security Behavior....1194 Hybrid Cyber Range....1195 Synonyms....1195 Definitions....1195 Background....1195 Hybrid Cyber Range Functionalities....1195 Open Problems and Future Directions....1196 References....1196 Hybrid Encryption....1196 Definition....1196 Background....1197 Theory....1197 Another Direction Without Random Oracle....1199 Cross-References....1200 References....1200 Hyperelliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (HECDLP)....1201 Hyperelliptic Curve Security....1201 Synonyms....1201 Definition....1201 Background....1201 Theory....1201 Generic Methods....1201 Index Calculus Methods....1202 Curves of Large Genus....1202 Curves of Small Genus....1202 Curves Over Field Extensions....1203 Special-Purpose Algorithms....1204 Weil and Tate Pairing Attacks....1204 Weil Descent....1204 Curve Mappings....1204 Cross-References....1205 References....1205 Hyperelliptic Curves....1205 Synonyms....1205 Definition....1206 Theory....1206 General Curve Isomorphisms....1207 Group Law....1207 Group Order and Structure....1208 Examples....1208 First Example....1208 Second Example....1210 Cross-References....1210 References....1210 Hyperelliptic Curves Performance....1210 Synonyms....1210 Definition....1210 Background....1210 Application and Experimental Results....1211 Curves Over Prime Fields....1211 Curves Over Binary Fields....1212 Cross-References....1212 References....1212 I....1214 IBE....1214 IBE: Identity-Based Encryption....1214 IBS: Identity-Based Signature....1214 IC Integrated Circuit....1214 IC-Integrated Circuit....1214 ICS....1214 ID-Based Encryption....1214 Idea....1214 Definition....1214 Background....1215 Theory....1215 Cross-References....1215 Recommended Reading....1216 Identification....1216 Definition....1216 Theory....1216 Identity Uniqueness....1217 Authorities for Naming and Authentication....1217 Cross-References....1218 References....1218 Identifier....1218 Identity Authentication....1218 Identity Management....1218 Related Concepts....1218 Definition....1218 Background....1219 Theory....1219 Applications....1220 Experimental Results....1220 Open Problems and Future Directions....1220 References....1221 Identity Management for Cyber-Physical Systems....1221 Definitions....1221 Background....1221 Application....1221 Open problems and Future directions....1222 Cross-References....1222 References....1223 Identity Proof....1223 Identity Theft....1223 Identity Verification Protocol....1223 Synonyms....1223 Definition....1223 Theory....1223 Applications....1223 Cross-References....1224 References....1225 Identity-Based Cryptosystems....1225 Synonyms....1225 Definition....1225 Background....1225 Theory....1226 Identity-Based Signatures....1226 Generic IBS from Any Signature....1227 The Guillou–Quisquater IBS....1227 The Bellare–Namprempre–Neven IBS....1228 Other IBS Schemes Based on Specific Number Theoretic Assumptions....1229 Identity-Based Encryption from Quadratic Residuosity: The Cocks IBE....1229 Cross-References....1231 Recommended Reading....1231 Identity Based Encryption....1232 Synonyms....1232 Definitions....1232 Background....1232 Theory....1233 Application....1234 References....1234 Identity-Based Encryption: Historical Perspective and Hierarchical Systems....1234 Synonyms....1234 Definition....1235 Background....1235 Theory....1235 Applications....1236 Open Problems....1236 Cross-References....1237 References....1237 IDS Deployment....1237 IDS: Intrusion Detection System....1237 IFA....1237 IIoT....1237 ILS....1237 Impacts of Information Privacy Violations....1237 Synonyms....1237 Definition....1238 Background....1238 Theory and Application....1239 Open Problems and Future Directions....1239 Cross-References....1240 References....1240 Impersonation....1240 Impersonation Attack....1240 Synonyms....1240 Definition....1240 Application....1241 Open Problems and Future Directions....1241 Cross-References....1241 Recommended Reading....1241 Implicit Authentication....1241 Implicit Key Authentication....1241 Impossible Differential Attack....1241 Definition....1241 Background....1241 Theory....1241 Cross-References....1242 Recommended Reading....1242 Incentives for Distributed Ledgers....1242 Definition....1242 Theory....1242 Open Problems and Future Directions....1243 Cross-References....1243 References....1244 Incident Analysis....1245 Index Calculus Method....1245 Definition....1245 Theory....1245 Applications....1245 Implementation Choice and Complexity Estimate....1245 Variants of the Algorithm....1246 Index Calculus Using the Number Field Sieve....1246 Index Calculus and Elliptic Curves....1247 Cross-References....1247 Recommended Reading....1248 Indistinguishability of Encryptions....1248 -Indistinguishability....1248 Industrial Control Network....1248 Industrial Control Systems....1248 Industrial Internet....1248 Industrial Internet of Things....1248 Synonyms....1248 Definition....1248 Background....1248 Application....1249 Open Problems and Future Directions....1250 Cross-References....1251 References....1251 Industry 4.0....1251 Ineffective Fault Attack....1251 Synonyms....1251 Definitions....1251 Background....1251 Theory/Application/Both....1252 Open Problems and Future Directions....1252 Cross-References....1252 References....1252 Infection Risk Prediction and Management....1253 Synonyms....1253 Definitions....1253 Background....1253 Open Problems and Future Directions....1255 Cross-References....1257 References....1257 Infective Countermeasures....1257 Synonyms....1257 Definitions....1257 Background....1258 Theory....1258 Open Problems and Future Directions....1259 Cross-References....1260 References....1260 Inference Attacks....1260 Inference Control....1261 Definitions....1261 Background....1261 Theory....1261 Application....1265 Open Problems and Future Directions....1266 Cross-References....1266 References....1266 Information Assurance....1267 Information Cascades....1267 Information Disclosure....1267 Synonyms....1267 Definitions....1267 Background....1267 Theory....1267 Open problems and Future directions....1269 Cross-References....1269 References....1269 Information Economics....1269 Information Flow and Noninterference....1270 Synonyms....1270 Definitions....1270 Background ....1270 Theory ....1270 The Lattice Model....1270 Noninterference....1270 Transitive and Intransitive Flow....1271 Dealing with Nondeterminism....1271 Verification and Refinement....1272 Other Variants....1272 Application....1273 Open Problems and Future Directions....1273 Cross-References....1273 References....1274 Information Flow Policies....1274 Synonyms....1274 Definitions....1274 Theory....1274 Security Domains and Levels....1275 Specifying Security Requirements....1276 Declassification and Endorsement....1276 Application....1277 Cross-References....1277 References....1277 Information Integrity....1278 Information Leakage....1278 Information Privacy Requirements....1278 Synonyms....1278 Definition....1278 Background....1278 Theory and Application....1278 Open Problems and Future Directions....1279 Cross-References....1280 References....1280 Information Privacy Awareness....1281 Synonyms....1281 Definition....1281 Background....1281 Theory and Application....1281 Open Problems and Future Directions....1282 References....1282 Information Privacy Costs....1283 Information Privacy Law....1283 Information Security (InfoSec)....1283 Information Security Awareness....1283 Synonyms....1283 Definition....1283 Background....1283 Theory and Applications....1284 Open Problems and Future Directions....1284 Cross-References....1285 References....1285 Information Security Culture....1285 Synonyms....1285 Definition....1285 Background....1285 Theory....1286 Definition....1286 Dominant and Subcultures....1287 Factors that Influence the Information Security Culture....1287 Measuring the Information Security Culture....1287 Open Problems and Future Directions....1287 Cross-References....1288 References....1288 Information Security Management System....1288 Information Security Policy Adherence....1288 Information Security Policy Compliance....1289 Synonyms....1289 Definition....1289 Background....1289 Theory and Applications....1289 Open Problems and Future Directions....1290 Cross-References....1290 References....1291 Information Security Policy Compliance Capacities....1291 Information Security Policy Compliance Competences....1291 Synonyms....1291 Definition....1291 Background....1291 Theory and Applications....1292 Open Problems and Future Directions....1292 Cross-References....1293 References....1293 Information Security Policy Compliance Competency....1293 Information Security Risk Treatment....1294 Synonyms....1294 Definition....1294 Theory....1294 References....1295 Information Security Skills....1295 Information Theoretic Model....1295 Information Theory....1295 Shannon's Main Theorem....1296 Cross-References....1296 Recommended Reading....1296 Information-Flow Security....1297 Initial Coin Offering....1297 Synonyms....1297 Definition....1297 Background....1297 Theory and Application....1297 Open Problems and Future Directions....1298 Cross-References....1298 References....1298 Initial Token Distributions....1299 Initial Trust Establishment....1299 Insider Attack....1299 Insider Problem....1299 Insider Threat....1299 Synonyms....1299 Definition....1299 Theory and Application....1300 Prediction....1300 Detection....1300 Open Problems and Future Directions....1301 Cross-References....1301 References....1302 Insider Threat Defense....1302 Definition....1302 Background....1302 Theory....1303 Experimental Results....1303 Open Problems....1305 Recommended Reading....1305 Instant Disclosure....1306 Integer Factoring....1306 Definition....1306 Background....1306 Theory and Applications....1306 Methods for Integer Factorization....1306 Establishing Compositeness....1307 Distinct Factors....1307 Repeated Factors....1307 Trial Division....1307 Pollard's rho Method....1307 Pollard's p − 1 Method....1308 Generalizations of Pollard's p − 1 Method....1308 Usage of “Strong Primes” in RSA....1309 Cycling Attacks Against RSA....1309 Elliptic Curve Method for Factoring....1309 Fermat's Method and Congruence of Squares....1309 The Morrison–Brillhart Approach....1310 Matrix Step....1310 Dixon's Random Squares Method....1310 Continued Fraction Method (CFRAC)....1311 Note on the Size of RSA Moduli....1312 Linear Sieve....1312 Quadratic Sieve....1312 Number Field Sieve....1313 Cross-References....1313 Recommended Reading....1313 Integrated Circuit....1314 Integrated Circuit Card....1314 Integrity and Encryption....1314 Integrity Model....1314 Intellectual Property....1314 Intelligence Distribution to Prevent Attacks....1314 Interactive Argument....1315 Synonyms....1315 Interactive Proof....1315 References....1315 Interactive Proof....1315 Synonyms....1315 Cross-References....1316 References....1316 Interactive Proof Systems....1316 Interactive Theorem Proving and Security....1316 Interactive Verification....1316 Interactive Verification of Security Properties....1316 Synonyms....1316 Definition....1316 Theory....1316 Applications....1317 Open Problems and Future Directions....1318 Cross-References....1318 References....1318 Interception....1318 Interconnection....1318 Interdependent Location Privacy....1319 Synonyms....1319 Definitions....1319 Background....1319 Discussion....1319 Open Problems and Future Directions....1320 Cross-References....1321 References....1321 Interdependent Privacy (IDP)....1321 Synonyms....1321 Definitions....1321 Background....1321 Theory....1322 Statistical Inference....1322 Game Theory....1323 Cryptography and Access Control....1323 Communication Privacy Management (CPM) Theory....1323 Open Problems and Future Directions....1324 Cross-References....1324 References....1324 Internet Fraud....1324 Interpolation Attack....1324 Cross-References....1325 Recommended Reading....1325 Intrusion Detection in Ad Hoc Networks....1325 Definition....1325 Background....1326 Theory....1326 Applications....1327 Experimental Results....1328 Open Problems....1329 Recommended Reading....1329 Intrusion Tolerance....1329 Invasive Attacks....1329 Definition....1329 Background....1329 Smart Card Security....1330 Overview of Attacks on Smart Cards....1330 Social Attacks....1330 Logical Attacks....1331 Invasive Attacks....1331 Access to Silicon....1331 Delayering....1331 Block Localization....1332 Memory Content Extraction....1332 ROM....1332 RAM....1333 EEPROM or FLASH....1333 Bus Localization....1333 Chip Probing....1334 Chip Modification....1334 Protection Against Physical Attacks....1335 Conclusion....1335 Inverse Biometrics: Privacy, Risks, and Trust....1336 Synonyms....1336 Definitions....1337 Background....1337 Theory....1337 Privacy, Risk, and Trust....1337 Applications....1338 Summary....1338 Open Problems....1338 References....1339 Inversion Attack....1339 Definition....1339 Theory....1339 Original Inversion Attack....1339 Generalized Inversion Attack....1340 Cross-References....1341 Recommended Reading....1341 Inversion in Finite Fields and Rings....1341 Synonyms....1341 Definition....1341 Theory....1341 Extended Euclidean Algorithm....1341 Fermat's Little Theorem....1341 Look-Up Tables....1342 Reduction to Subfield Inversion....1342 Direct Inversion....1342 Applications....1342 Cross-References....1343 Recommended Reading....1343 Inversion in Galois Fields....1343 IOC: Indicators of Compromise....1343 iOS Security Framework: Understanding the Security of Mobile Phone Platforms....1343 Synonyms....1343 Definition....1343 Background....1343 Application....1344 App Development....1344 App Runtime....1345 Protecting User Data....1346 Cross-References....1347 References....1347 IP Traceback....1347 Definition....1347 Background....1347 Theory....1347 Return Packets....1347 In-Net State....1348 Packet Marking....1348 Experimental Results....1349 Open Problems....1349 Recommended Reading....1349 IP: Internet Protocol....1350 IPES....1350 Definition....1350 Cross-References....1350 Recommended Reading....1350 IPsec....1350 Definition....1350 Background....1350 Theory....1351 IPsec Components....1351 Packet Processing....1351 Key Exchange....1353 IPsec and NAT....1354 Policy and Configuration....1354 Recommended Reading....1355 IPSec Policy Analysis....1355 Iris Recognition....1355 Definitions....1355 Background....1355 Theory....1355 Applications....1356 Open Problems and Future Directions....1356 References....1357 Irreducible Polynomial....1357 Definition....1357 Theory....1357 Cross-References....1358 ISMS: A Management Framework for Information Security....1358 Synonyms....1358 Definition....1358 Background....1358 Theory....1358 Applications....1359 Recommended Reading....1360 ISO 15408 CC – Common Criteria....1360 ISO 19790 2006 Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules....1360 ISO/IEC 15408....1360 ISO/IEC 27001....1360 ISO-9796 Signature Standards....1360 Definition....1360 Background....1361 Theory....1361 Applications....1361 Recommended Reading....1361 Issuer....1362 Definition....1362 Recommended Reading....1362 IT Forensic Readiness....1362 Synonyms....1362 Definition....1362 Background....1362 Theory and Application....1362 Open Problems and Future Directions....1364 Cross-References....1364 References....1364 Itoh–Tsujii Inversion AlgorithmWork done while the author was at Philips Research, The Netherlands....1365 Definition....1365 Related Concepts....1365 Theory....1365 Optimizations and Applications....1368 Recommended Reading....1368 IT-Security Capability Maturity Model....1369 J....1370 Jacobi Symbol....1370 Background....1370 Definition....1370 Theory....1370 Applications....1370 Cross-References....1370 Recommended Reading....1370 Jamming Attack Defense....1371 Synonyms....1371 Definitions....1371 Background....1371 Spread spectrum techniques....1371 Theory and Applications....1371 Jamming Attack Defense in the Physical Layer....1372 Power control....1372 Jamming Attack Defense in the Link Layer and Layers Above....1374 Error-correcting code....1374 Link-layer channel adaptation....1374 Spatial retreats....1374 Convert timing channels....1374 Jamming-resilient multipath routing....1374 Open Problems and Future Directions....1377 References....1377 Jamming Resistance....1378 Definition....1378 Background....1378 Theory....1378 Recommended Reading....1379 K....1380 k-Anonymity....1380 Definitions....1380 Background....1380 Theory and Application....1381 Generalization and Suppression....1381 Algorithms for Enforcing k-Anonymity....1383 Open Problems and Future Directions....1383 Cross-References....1384 References....1384 Karatsuba Algorithm....1384 Definition....1384 Theory....1384 Applications....1387 Cross-References....1388 Recommended Reading....1388 Kasumi/Misty1....1388 Cross-References....1389 Recommended Reading....1389 Keeloq....1389 Definition....1389 Background....1390 Theory....1390 Applications....1391 Cross-References....1392 Recommended Reading....1392 Kerberos....1393 Synonyms....1393 Definition....1393 Background....1393 *-10pt....1393 Weaknesses and Limitations....1394 Applications....1394 Cross-References....1394 Recommended Reading....1394 Kerberos Authentication Protocol....1395 Related Concepts....1395 Definition....1395 Background....1395 Applications....1395 References....1395 Kerckhoffs Law....1395 Kerckhoffs' Principle....1395 Synonyms....1395 Definition....1395 Background....1396 Recommended Reading....1396 Key....1396 Definition....1396 Background....1397 Cross-References....1399 Recommended Reading....1399 Key Agreement....1399 Synonyms....1399 Definition....1399 Background....1399 Theory....1399 Applications....1400 Cross-References....1400 References....1400 Key Authentication....1400 Synonyms....1400 Related Concepts....1400 Definition....1400 Theory....1401 Open Problems and Future Directions....1402 Cross-References....1402 References....1402 Key Encrypting Key (KEK)....1402 Key Encryption Key....1402 Definition....1402 Background....1402 Theory....1402 Open Problems....1404 Cross-References....1404 Recommended Reading....1404 Key Enumeration....1404 Synonyms....1404 Definitions....1404 Background....1404 Application....1405 Open Problems and Future Directions....1405 Cross-References....1405 References....1406 Key Escrow....1406 Synonyms....1406 Definition....1406 Background....1406 Theory....1407 Applications....1407 Cross-References....1408 References....1408 Key Generation Using Physical Properties of Wireless Communication....1408 Definition....1408 Background....1408 Theory....1409 Open Problems....1409 Experimental Results....1409 Recommended Reading....1410 Key Life Cycle Management....1410 Key Management....1410 Synonyms....1410 Definition....1410 Background....1410 Theory....1410 Symmetric or Secret Key Cryptography....1411 Background....1411 Initialization....1412 Distribution....1412 Cancellation....1412 Summary and Observations....1413 Asymmetric or Public Key Cryptography....1413 Initialization....1413 Distribution....1414 Cancellation....1415 Summary and Observations....1416 Open Problems....1416 Cross-References....1416 References....1416 Key Recovery....1416 Key Search with Hints....1416 Key Variation....1416 Keyboard Dynamics....1416 Synonyms....1416 Definition....1417 Background....1417 Theory....1417 Applications....1419 Experimental Results....1420 Open Problems and Future Directions....1420 Cross-References....1421 References....1421 Keylogging....1421 Synonyms....1421 Definition....1421 Application....1422 References....1422 Key-Policy ABE....1422 Keystream....1422 Keystroke Biometrics....1422 Keystroke Dynamics....1423 Synonyms....1423 Definitions....1423 Background....1423 Theory....1424 Applications....1427 Open Problems and Future Directions....1427 Cross-References....1428 References....1428 Keystroke Logging....1429 Kleptographic Attack....1429 Kleptography....1429 Synonyms....1429 Definitions....1429 Background....1429 Theory....1430 Applications....1430 Open Problems and Future Directions....1430 Cross-References....1431 References....1431 km-Anonymity....1431 Synonyms....1431 Definitions....1431 Background....1431 Theory....1432 Application....1432 Open Problems and Future Directions....1432 Cross-References....1433 References....1433 Knapsack Cryptographic Schemes....1433 Definition....1433 Relevance to Modern Public Key Systems....1433 Introduction....1434 The Cryptographic Knapsack Scheme: An Introduction....1434 The Encryption in Additive Knapsack Schemes....1434 The Decryption....1435 The Merkle–Hellman Trapdoor....1435 A Survey of the History of the Cryptographic Knapsack....1436 The Trials to Avoid Weaknesses and Attacks for the Class of Usual Knapsacks....1436 The Case of Usual Knapsacks with Other Encryption Functions....1440 The Multiplicative Knapsack Scheme and Its History....1440 The Trapdoor Knapsack Schemes to Protect Signatures and Authenticity....1441 Some Details....1441 The Existence of Infinitely Many Decryption Keys....1441 The LLL Algorithm....1442 The Use of the LLL Algorithm in Brickell's Low Dense Attack....1443 Conclusion....1443 Cross-References....1443 References....1444 Known Plaintext Attack....1445 Definition....1445 Cross-References....1446 Recommended Reading....1446 Koblitz Elliptic Curves....1446 Synonyms....1446 Definition....1446 Background....1446 Application....1446 Cross-References....1447 References....1447 L....1448 Lamport One-Time Signatures....1448 Late Launch....1448 Lattice....1448 Synonyms....1448 Definition....1448 Background....1448 Theory....1448 Applications....1449 Cross-References....1450 Recommended Reading....1450 Lattice Basis Reduction....1450 Lattice Reduction....1450 Synonyms....1450 Definition....1450 Background....1450 Theory....1451 Applications....1452 Open Problems....1452 Experimental Results....1452 Cross-References....1452 Recommended Reading....1452 Lattice-Based Cryptography....1453 Definition....1453 Background....1453 Theory....1454 Applications....1454 Open Problems....1455 Cross-References....1455 Recommended Reading....1455 Layer-2 Protocol....1456 Synonyms....1456 Definitions....1456 Background....1456 Theory....1456 Payment & State Channels....1457 Operator/Client Protocols....1458 Optimistic OCPs....1458 OCPs with Non-Interactive Proofs....1459 Open Problems and Future Directions....1459 Cross-References....1459 References....1459 LCM....1460 -Diversity....1460 Definition....1460 Background....1460 Theory....1461 Open Problems....1463 Cross-References....1463 Recommended Reading....1463 Leakage Resilience....1463 Synonyms....1463 Definitions....1463 Background....1463 Theory....1464 Applications....1464 Open Problems and Future Directions....1464 Cross-References....1464 References....1465 Leakage-Resilient Cryptography....1465 Least Common Multiple....1465 Synonyms....1465 Definition....1465 Theory....1466 Cross-References....1466 Least Privilege....1466 Synonyms....1466 Definition....1466 Theory....1466 Cross-References....1467 References....1467 Ledger Consensus....1467 Legendre Symbol....1467 Background....1467 Definition....1467 Theory....1467 Cross-References....1468 Lemming Effect....1468 Levels of Trust....1468 Synonyms....1468 Definition....1468 Background....1468 Theory....1468 Applications....1470 Level 1 Trust (Very Low Risk of Compromise)....1470 Level 2 Trust (Low Risk of Compromise)....1470 Level 3 Trust (Medium Risk of Compromise)....1470 Level 4 Trust (High Risk of Compromise)....1471 Level 5 Trust (Very High Risk of Compromise)....1471 Open Problems....1472 Cross-References....1472 Recommended Reading....1472 LFSR....1472 Linear Complexity....1472 Definition....1472 Theory....1473 Cross-References....1473 Recommended Reading....1473 Linear Congruential Generator....1473 Definition....1473 Example....1473 Background....1473 Applications....1474 Cross-References....1474 Recommended Reading....1474 Linear Consistency Attack....1474 Definition....1474 Theory....1474 Cross-References....1475 Recommended Reading....1475 Linear Cryptanalysis for Block Ciphers....1475 Definition....1475 Background....1475 Theory....1475 Outline of a Linear Attack....1475 Piling-up Lemma....1476 Matsui's Search for the Best Approximations....1477 Linear Hulls....1477 Provable Security Against Linear Cryptanalysis....1477 Comparison with Differential Cryptanalysis....1478 Extensions....1478 Cross-References....1479 Recommended Reading....1479 Linear Cryptanalysis for Stream Ciphers....1480 Definition....1480 Background....1480 Theory....1480 Cross-References....1480 Recommended Reading....1480 Linear Feedback Shift Register....1481 Synonyms....1481 Definition....1481 Theory....1482 Cross-References....1484 Recommended Reading....1484 Linear Syndrome Attack....1484 Definition....1484 Cross-References....1485 Recommended Reading....1485 List Decoding....1485 Liveness Detection....1485 L Notation....1485 Definition....1485 Theory....1485 Cross-References....1485 Location Information (Privacy of)....1486 Synonyms....1486 Definitions....1486 Background....1486 Theory....1486 Application....1488 Open Problems and Future Directions....1488 Cross-References....1489 References....1489 Location Privacy....1489 Location Privacy in Ride-Hailing Service....1489 Synonyms....1489 Definitions....1490 Background....1490 Theory....1490 Open Problems and Future Directions....1491 References....1492 Location Privacy in Social Networks....1492 Location Privacy in Wireless Networks....1492 Synonyms....1492 Definition....1492 Background....1492 Theory....1493 Applications....1494 Cross-References....1494 Recommended Reading....1495 Location Privacy Metrics....1495 Location Privacy Protection in Ride-Hailing Service....1495 Location Privacy Quantification....1495 Location Semantics....1495 Synonyms....1495 Definitions....1495 Background....1495 Theory....1496 Application....1496 Open Problems and Future Directions....1496 Cross-References....1497 References....1497 Logic Bomb....1497 Definition....1497 Background....1497 Theory and Applications....1497 Cross-References....1497 Recommended Reading....1497 Logic Decryption....1497 Logic Locking....1498 Logic-Based Policy Languages....1498 Related Concepts and Keywords....1498 Definition....1498 Background....1498 Theory....1498 Implementations....1499 Open Problems and Future Directions....1500 References....1500 Longest Chain Protocol....1500 Synonyms....1500 Definition....1500 Background....1500 Theory....1501 Applications....1501 Open Problems and Future Directions....1501 Cross-References....1502 References....1502 Longhand....1503 Lower Bound for the Bandwidth Cost of Oblivious RAMs....1503 Luby-Rackoff Ciphers....1504 Definition....1504 Background....1504 Theory....1504 Cross-References....1505 Recommended Reading....1505 M....1506 MAA....1506 Synonyms....1506 Definition....1506 Background....1506 Theory....1506 Cross-References....1507 References....1507 MAC Algorithms....1507 Introduction....1507 Definition....1508 Security of MAC Algorithms....1508 Forgery Attack....1509 Key Recovery Attack....1509 Brute Force Key Search....1509 MAC Guessing Attack....1510 Internal Collision Attack on Iterated MAC Algorithms....1510 Weaknesses of the Algorithm....1511 Practical MAC Algorithms....1511 Based on Block Ciphers....1511 Based on Cryptographic Hash Functions....1512 Dedicated MAC Algorithms....1513 Cross-References....1514 Recommended Reading....1514 Machine Learning....1515 Machine Learning (Data Mining) for Privacy Policy Summarization....1515 Machine Learning for Attack Detection....1515 Machine Learning for Network Intrusion Detection....1515 Synonyms....1515 Definitions....1515 Background....1516 Theory and Application....1516 Open Problems and Future Directions....1518 References....1518 Machine Learning in Secured Computing....1519 Definitions....1519 Background....1519 Theory and Applications....1519 Classical Machine Learning....1519 Supervised Learning....1519 Unsupervised Learning....1519 Reinforcement Learning....1520 Deep Learning....1520 Emerging Machine Learning Framework....1521 Open Issues and Future Directions....1521 Cross-References....1522 References....1522 Machine Readable Travel Document Security....1523 Macrodata Disclosure Limitation....1523 Macrodata Disclosure Protection....1523 Macrodata Protection....1523 Synonyms....1523 Definition....1523 Background....1523 Theory....1523 Discovering sensitive cells....1524 Protecting sensitive cells....1525 Application....1525 Cross-References....1525 References....1525 Malicious Circuit....1526 Malicious Cryptography....1526 Maliciously Modified Set of Administrative Tools....1526 Malware....1526 Malware Behavior Clustering....1526 Definition....1526 Theory....1526 Cross-References....1528 Recommended Reading....1528 Malware Detection....1528 Synonyms....1528 Definition....1528 Background....1528 Rapid Releases of Malware Variants....1529 Poly- and Metamorphic Malware....1529 Theory and Applications....1529 Signature Matching....1529 Static Analysis....1530 Dynamic Analysis....1531 Cross-References....1532 Recommended Reading....1532 Managing and Monitoring Social Network Privacy Policies....1532 Synonyms....1532 Introduction....1532 Potential Policy Misconfigurations....1533 Proposed Treemap-Based Visualization....1534 Conclusion and Future Directions....1536 References....1536 Mandatory Access Control (MAC) Policies....1536 Definition....1536 Theory....1536 Cross-References....1537 References....1537 Maneuvering....1537 Man-in-the-Middle and Relay Attack....1537 Definition....1537 Theory....1537 Experimental Results....1538 References....1538 Manipulation Detection Code-2....1539 Manipulation Detection Code-4....1539 MARS....1539 Cross-References....1540 Recommended Reading....1540 MASH Hash Functions (Modular Arithmetic Secure Hash)....1541 Definition....1541 Background....1541 Theory....1541 Cross-References....1542 Recommended Reading....1542 Masking Countermeasure....1542 Synonyms....1542 Definition....1542 Theory....1542 Masking in Practice....1544 Open Problems and Future Directions....1544 Cross-References....1545 References....1545 Master Key....1546 Synonyms....1546 Definition....1547 Applications....1547 Open Problems and Future Directions....1547 Cross-References....1547 References....1547 Maurers Algorithm....1547 Maurer's Method....1547 Synonyms....1547 Definition....1547 Background....1547 Theory and Applications....1547 Cross-References....1548 Recommended Reading....1548 Maximal-Length Sequences....1548 Synonyms....1548 Definition....1548 Theory....1548 Applications....1552 Cross-References....1552 Recommended Reading....1552 Maxims....1553 Cross-References....1553 Recommended Reading....1553 McEliece Public Key Cryptosystem....1553 Definition....1553 Theory....1554 General Idea....1554 Description....1554 Security and Practice....1554 Security Reduction....1554 Best Known Attacks....1555 System Implementation....1555 Recommended Reading....1555 MD4 Hash Function....1556 MD4-MD5....1556 Synonyms....1556 Definition....1556 Theory....1556 Description....1556 Applications....1556 Attacks....1557 Attacks on the Short Output Length....1557 Collision Attacks....1557 Preimage Attacks....1558 Attacks on Concatenated Combiners....1558 Open Problems....1558 Cross-References....1558 Recommended Reading....1558 MD5 Hash Function....1559 MDC-2 and MDC-4....1559 Synonyms....1559 Definition....1559 Background....1559 Theory....1559 Open Problems and Future Directions....1561 Cross-References....1561 References....1561 Measurement Models of Software Security....1561 Measuring Location Privacy....1561 Synonyms....1561 Definitions....1562 Background ....1562 Theory....1562 Error-Based Metrics....1562 Uncertainty-Based Metrics....1562 Information Gain Metrics....1563 Success-Based Metrics....1563 Time-/Distance-Based Metrics....1563 Indistinguishability Metrics....1563 Application....1564 Open Problems and Future Directions....1564 Cross-References....1564 References....1564 Mechanized Theorem Proving....1565 Meet-in-the-Middle Attack....1565 Definition....1565 Cross-References....1565 Recommended Reading....1565 Melbourne Shuffle, The....1566 Synonyms....1566 Definitions....1566 Background....1566 Theory....1566 Shuffle Pass....1566 The Melbourne Shuffle....1568 Security....1568 Performance....1568 Further Information....1568 Cross-References....1568 References....1569 Meltdown....1569 Synonyms....1569 Definitions....1569 Background....1569 Theory....1570 Application....1572 Open Problems and Future Directions....1572 Cross-References....1572 References....1572 Meltdown Attack....1573 Membership Inference Attacks in Machine Learning....1573 Synonyms....1573 Definition....1573 Background....1573 Theory....1574 Threat Model....1574 Data Governance Scenarios....1574 Attack Models....1574 Defense Strategies....1575 Open Problems and Future Directions....1576 Cross-References....1576 References....1576 Memory and State Exhaustion Denial of Service....1576 Synonyms....1576 Definition....1577 Background....1577 Theory....1577 Applications....1577 Cross-References....1578 Recommended Reading....1578 Memory and State Exhaustion DoS....1578 Memory Overflow....1578 Merkle Trees....1578 Synonyms....1578 Definitions....1578 Background....1578 Theory....1579 Integrity Verification....1579 Merkle Tree....1579 Applications....1580 Cross-References....1580 References....1580 Merkle-Hash-Trees Signatures....1580 Mersenne Prime....1580 Definition....1580 Background....1580 Applications....1581 Message Authentication Algorithm....1581 Message-Locked Encryption....1581 Metrics of Software Security....1581 Synonyms....1581 Definition....1581 Background....1582 Theory....1582 Measurements and Qualitative Models....1582 Defense Patterns, Attack Patterns, and Related Measurements....1582 Attack Trees....1583 Toward Quantitative Predictive Models....1583 Probability-Based and Reliability-Like Models....1584 Applications....1584 Open Problems and Future Directions....1584 Cross-References....1585 References....1585 Meyer-Schilling Hash Functions....1585 MIA....1585 Microdata Anonymization Techniques....1585 Microdata Disclosure Limitation....1585 Microdata Disclosure Protection....1585 Microdata Masking Techniques....1585 Synonyms....1585 Definition....1586 Theory....1586 Applications....1588 Cross-References....1588 Recommended Reading....1589 Microdata Protection....1589 Synonyms....1589 Definition....1589 Background....1589 Theory....1589 Classification of microdata disclosure protection techniques....1590 Assessing microdata confidentiality and utility....1591 Application....1592 Open problems....1592 Cross-References....1592 References....1592 Microdata Statistical Disclosure Control....1592 Milieu....1592 Miller–Rabin Probabilistic Primality Test....1592 Synonyms....1592 Definition....1592 Background....1593 Theory and Applications....1593 Cross-References....1593 Recommended Reading....1594 Miller-Rabin Test....1594 MILS....1594 Minimal Polynomial....1594 Definition....1594 Cross-References....1594 Minimal Privilege....1594 m-Invariance....1594 Definition....1594 Theory....1594 Cross-References....1597 Recommended Reading....1597 MIPS-Year....1598 Definition....1598 Background....1598 Theory....1598 Applications....1598 Cross-References....1598 Recommended Reading....1598 Miss-in-the-Middle Attack....1599 Definition....1599 Background....1599 Cross-References....1599 Recommended Reading....1599 MITRE ATT&CK: MITRE Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge....1599 Mix Networks....1599 Synonyms....1599 Definition....1599 Background....1599 Theory and Application....1600 Cryptographic Unlinkability of Messages....1600 Strategies for Reordering Messages....1601 Anonymous Routing....1601 Open Problems and Future Directions....1602 Tradeoffs Between Anonymity, Latency and Traffic Volume....1602 Statistical Disclosure Attacks....1602 Key Distribution and Management....1602 Unobservability and Undetectability....1603 Applications....1603 Cross-References....1603 References....1603 MixSlice....1603 Definition....1603 Background....1604 Theory....1604 Access Management....1606 Open Problems and Future Directions....1607 Cross-References....1608 References....1608 Mixnets....1608 Mix-Nets....1608 Mix-Zones in Wireless Mobile Networks....1608 Definition....1608 Background....1608 Theory and Applications....1609 Open Problems and Future Directions....1610 Cross-References....1611 References....1611 ML Data Poisoning....1612 ML Membership Inference....1612 ML-Sequence....1612 Mobile Application Security....1612 Mobile Device Security....1612 Mobile Payments....1612 Definition....1612 Background....1612 Theory....1613 Applications....1613 Recommended Reading....1613 Mobile Platform Security....1613 Mobile Wallet....1613 Definition....1613 Theory....1614 Applications....1614 Cross-References....1614 Recommended Reading....1614 Modes of Operation of a Block Cipher....1614 Cross-References....1619 Recommended Reading....1620 Modular Arithmetic....1620 Synonyms....1620 Definition....1621 Background....1621 Theory....1621 Introduction....1621 Modular Arithmetic Operations....1622 Multiplicative Groups and Euler's ϕ Function....1623 Prime Fields....1624 Cross-References....1624 Recommended Reading....1624 Modular Root....1625 Definition....1625 Background....1625 Theory....1625 Open Problems....1625 Cross-References....1625 Modulus....1626 Definition....1626 Background....1626 Cross-References....1626 Monitor Placement Strategy....1626 Monitoring....1626 Monotone Signatures....1626 Definition....1626 Cross-References....1626 Recommended Reading....1626 Montgomery Arithmetic....1626 Definition....1626 Background....1627 Theory....1627 Introduction....1627 Montgomery Exponentiation....1628 Efficient Montgomery Multiplication....1629 Application to Finite Fields....1630 Secure Montgomery Multiplication....1630 Cross-References....1631 Recommended Reading....1631 Moore's Law....1631 Definition....1631 Background....1631 Theory....1631 Applications....1632 Cross-References....1632 Recommended Reading....1632 Moving Target Defense....1632 Synonyms....1632 Definition....1632 Background....1632 Theory....1633 Application....1634 Open Problems and Future Directions....1635 Cross-References....1635 References....1635 Moving Target Techniques....1636 MPKC....1636 MQ....1636 m-sequence....1636 Multi-authority and Decentralized Attribute-Based Encryption....1636 Synonyms....1636 Definition....1636 Background....1636 Theory and Applications....1637 Open Problems and Future Directions....1638 References....1639 Multibiometrics....1639 Synonyms....1639 Definition....1639 Background....1640 Theory....1641 Applications....1642 Open Problems....1644 Cross-References....1645 Recommended Reading....1645 Multicast Authentication....1645 Multicast Stream Authentication....1645 Multi-client Oblivious RAM....1645 Synonyms....1645 Definitions....1645 The Role of Each Entity....1645 Security....1646 Related Notions....1646 Efficiency....1646 Design Challenge....1646 Open Problems and Future Directions....1646 Cross-References....1647 References....1647 Multidimensional Databases....1647 Multi-Exponentiation....1647 Multifactor Authentication....1647 Multilevel DBMS....1647 Definitions....1647 Theory....1647 Application....1649 Cross-References....1650 References....1650 Multilevel Security Policies....1650 Definition....1650 Background....1651 Theory....1651 Cross-References....1652 Recommended Reading....1652 Multiparty ComputationEditors' note: Due to the increased set of applications of privacy enhancing technologies, designing more efficient multiparty computation protocols, improving both fundamental methods and implementations has been an area of extensive research since 2010.....1652 Synonyms....1652 Definition....1652 Background....1652 Theory....1653 Applications....1655 Cross-References....1655 References....1655 Multiparty Privacy....1656 Multiple Encryption....1656 Definition....1656 Cross-References....1656 Multiple Independent Levels of Security....1656 Synonyms....1656 Definition....1656 Background....1656 Applications....1656 MILS Principles....1658 Cross-References....1659 Recommended Reading....1659 Multiplicative Knapsack Cryptosystem....1659 Definition....1659 Open Problems....1660 Cross-References....1660 Recommended Reading....1660 Multiprecision Multiplication....1660 Synonyms....1660 Definition....1660 Background....1660 Theory....1660 Applications....1663 Recommended Reading....1664 Multiprecision Squaring....1664 Synonyms....1664 Definition....1664 Background....1664 Theory....1664 Applications....1665 Cross-References....1665 Recommended Reading....1665 Multi-Reader-Multi-Writer Searchable Encryption....1665 Multi-Reader-Single-Writer Searchable Encryption....1665 Multi-Server Oblivious RAM....1665 Multiset Attack....1665 Definition....1665 Background....1666 Theory....1666 Cross-References....1666 Recommended Reading....1666 Multi-Subject Privacy....1666 Multi-Threaded Implementation for Cryptography and Cryptanalysis....1666 Definition....1666 Background....1667 Theory....1667 Applications....1668 Open Problems....1668 Cross-References....1668 Recommended Reading....1668 Multi-User Keyword Search in Encrypted Database....1669 Multi-User Searchable Encryption....1669 Synonyms....1669 Definition....1669 Background....1669 Theory....1669 Cross-References....1670 References....1671 Multivariate Cryptography....1671 Synonyms....1671 Definition....1671 Background....1672 Theory....1672 Variants (Perturbations)....1673 Applications....1673 C and SFLASH....1673 HFE and QUARTZ....1673 UOV....1674 Rainbow/TTS....1674 “Medium-Sized” Extension Fields and IFS....1674 Implementations....1675 Open Problems....1675 Cross-References....1675 References....1675 Multivariate Quadratic Public-Key Cryptosystem (MQPKC)....1676 N....1677 Naccache–Stern Higher Residues Cryptosystem....1677 Definition....1677 Open Problems....1677 Cross-References....1677 Recommended Reading....1677 Nakamoto Style Consensus Protocol....1678 Near Field Communication....1678 Nearest Vector Problem....1678 Needham–Schroeder Protocols....1678 Definition....1678 Background....1678 Theory....1678 Applications....1679 Cross-References....1679 References....1679 NESSIE Project....1680 Synonyms....1680 Definition....1680 Background....1680 Theory....1680 The NESSIE Call....1680 The Evaluation Process....1681 Security Evaluation....1681 Performance Evaluation....1681 Tools....1682 The NESSIE Submissions....1682 Response to the NESSIE Call....1682 Selection for Phase II....1683 The NESSIE Portfolio....1684 Conclusion....1685 Cross-References....1685 References....1685 Network Attack Graphs....1686 Network Bandwidth Denial of Service (DoS)....1687 Synonyms....1687 Definition....1687 Background....1687 Applications....1687 Open Problems....1690 Cross-References....1690 Network Capabilities....1690 Definition....1690 Background....1690 Theory....1690 Bootstrap....1691 Unforgeable Capabilities....1691 Open Problems....1692 Recommended Reading....1692 Network Diversity....1692 Definitions....1692 Background....1693 Theory and Application....1693 Applications.....1693 Open Problems and Future Directions....1695 Cross-References....1695 References....1695 Network DoS....1695 Network Flooding Attack....1695 Network Hardening....1696 Synonyms....1696 Definitions....1696 Background....1696 Theory....1696 Open Problems and Future Directions....1697 Cross-References....1698 References....1698 Network Intrusion Detection System....1698 Synonyms....1698 Definition....1698 Background....1698 Theory and Application....1698 Open Problems and Future Directions....1699 References....1700 Network Security....1700 Network Tunneling Protocol....1700 Networked Privacy....1700 Neural Trojans....1700 Introduction....1700 Neural Trojan Attacks....1701 Training Data Poisoning....1701 Hiding Trojan Triggers....1702 Altering Training Algorithms....1702 Trojan Insertion via Transfer Learning....1703 Neural Trojans in Hardware....1703 Binary-Level Attacks....1703 Defense Techniques....1704 Neural Network Verification....1704 Trojan Trigger Detection....1704 Conclusion and Discussion....1705 References....1706 New European Schemes for Signature....1707 NFC....1707 Synonyms....1707 Definition....1707 Background....1707 Theory....1707 Applications....1708 Open Problems and Future Directions....1708 Cross-References....1709 Recommended Reading....1709 NFS....1709 NIDS....1709 Niederreiter Encryption Scheme....1709 Definition....1709 Theory....1709 General Idea....1710 Description....1710 Practice and Security....1710 Cross-References....1710 Recommended Reading....1710 NIST Elliptic Curves....1711 Definition....1711 Background....1711 Application....1711 References....1712 Noninteractive Proof....1712 References....1713 Nonintrusive Authentication....1713 Nonlinear Feedback Shift Register....1713 Definition....1713 Background....1713 Example....1713 Theory....1713 Applications....1714 Open Problems and Future Directions....1715 Remarks....1715 Cross-References....1715 Recommended Reading....1715 Nonlinearity of Boolean Functions....1715 Definition....1715 Background....1715 Theory....1715 Cross-References....1716 Recommended Reading....1716 Nonmalleability....1716 Background....1716 *-10pt....1717 Recommended Reading....1720 Nonrepudiable Agreement....1721 Nonrepudiation of Digital Signatures....1721 Definition....1721 Background....1721 Theory....1722 Applications....1723 Open Problems and Future Directions....1723 Recommended Reading....1723 Nonrepudiation Protocol....1723 Nonsecret Encryption....1723 Synonyms....1723 Definition....1723 Background....1723 Retrospection....1724 Theory....1725 Discussion....1726 Cross-References....1726 Recommended Reading....1726 Non-Secure Communication Channels and the Future of Privacy....1727 Definitions....1727 Introduction....1727 Background....1728 Challenges....1729 Open Problems....1730 Cross-References....1730 References....1730 NSS....1731 NTRU....1731 Synonyms....1731 Definition....1731 Background....1731 Theory....1731 Description of the NTRUEncrypt System....1732 Security of the NTRUEncrypt System....1733 NTRUSign....1734 Applications....1734 Background....1734 Cross-References....1734 Recommended Reading....1734 NTRUEncrypt....1735 NTRUSign....1735 Nucleic Acid....1735 Nudging Privacy....1735 Number Field....1735 Synonyms....1735 Definition....1736 Theory....1736 Applications....1736 Cross-References....1736 Number Field Sieve....1736 Number Field Sieve for Factoring....1736 Synonyms....1736 Definition....1736 Background....1737 Theory....1737 Basic Idea of the NFS....1737 Polynomial Selection....1738 Sieving....1739 Linear Algebra....1740 Square Root....1741 Applications....1741 Open Problems....1742 Experimental Results....1742 Cross-References....1743 Recommended Reading....1743 Number Field Sieve for the DLP....1744 Synonyms....1744 Definition....1744 Background....1744 Theory....1746 Number Fields....1746 NFS-DLP Algorithm....1747 Optimal Parameters....1748 Cross-References....1750 Recommended Reading....1750 Number Theory....1751 Definition....1751 Background....1751 Applications....1752 Modular Arithmetic....1752 Prime Numbers....1753 Discrete Logarithms and Integer Factorization....1754 Elliptic Curves....1756 Lattices....1756 Open Problems....1757 Cross-References....1757 Recommended Reading....1757 Nyberg–Rueppel Signature Scheme....1759 Definition....1759 Theory....1759 Cross-References....1759 Recommended Reading....1759 Nym....1759 O....1760 OAEP: Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding....1760 Definition....1760 Background....1760 Theory....1760 The RSA–PKCS #1 v1.5 Encryption....1760 The Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding....1760 The Random Oracle Model....1760 Description of OAEP....1761 OAEP and Provable Security....1761 Fixing the OAEP Proof of Security....1761 OAEP Alternatives....1762 Cross-References....1762 Recommended Reading....1762 Oblivious Data Structures....1763 Definition....1763 Background....1763 Theory and Application....1763 Formal Definition....1763 Main Techniques....1764 Applications....1764 Open Problems and Future Directions....1764 References....1765 Oblivious Joins....1766 Oblivious Locally Decodable Codes (OLDC)....1766 Oblivious Parallel RAM (OPRAM)....1766 Synonyms....1766 Definition....1766 Background....1766 Theory: Overview of the Construction....1767 Cross-References....1768 References....1768 Oblivious Parallel Random Access Memory....1769 Oblivious RAM (ORAM)....1769 Synonyms....1769 Definitions....1769 Background....1769 Hierarchical Construction....1770 Tree-Based Construction....1771 Applications....1771 Cross-References....1771 References....1772 Oblivious RAM Lower Bound....1772 Synonyms....1772 Definition....1772 Theory....1773 Lower Bound in the Online Setting....1773 Open Problems and Future Directions....1775 Cross-References....1775 References....1775 Oblivious RAM-Based Secure Processors....1775 Definitions....1775 Background....1776 Recent Results....1776 Open Problems and Future Directions....1776 References....1777 Oblivious Random Access Memory....1778 Oblivious Transfer....1778 References....1779 Ocular Region....1779 Off-Chain Protocol....1779 One Time Password, from a Key Management Perspective....1779 Related Concepts....1779 Definition....1779 Applications....1779 References....1780 One-Time Password....1780 Synonyms....1780 Definition....1780 Background....1780 Theory....1780 Cross-References....1782 Recommended Reading....1782 One-Way Chain....1782 One-Way Function....1782 Definition....1782 Background....1782 Theory....1782 Cross-References....1783 Recommended Reading....1783 One-Way Hash Chain....1783 One-Way Property....1783 Online Analytical Processing....1783 O-Notation....1784 Definition....1784 Theory....1784 Applications....1785 Cross-References....1785 Open Web Proxies....1785 Definition....1785 Background....1785 Open Web Proxy Anonymity....1785 Open Web Proxy Behavior, Security, and Privacy Threats....1786 References....1786 Operational Safety....1787 Operational Separation of Duties....1787 Optimal Extension Fields (OEFs)....1787 Definition....1787 Theory....1787 Applications....1789 Cross-References....1789 Recommended Reading....1789 Oracle (Blockchain Concept)....1790 Synonyms....1790 Definition....1790 Applications....1790 Theory....1790 Basic Design and Functionality....1790 Security Goals....1791 A Broader Perspective....1791 Open Problems and Future Directions....1792 Cross-References....1792 References....1792 ORAM....1792 Order....1793 Definition....1793 Theory....1793 Applications....1793 Cross-References....1793 Order-Preserving Encryption....1793 OTP....1793 Outbound Authentication....1793 Outsourced Private Information Retrieval....1794 Introduction....1794 References....1796 Overlay-Based DoS Defenses....1797 Definition....1797 Background....1797 Applications and Experimental Results....1797 First-Generation Overlay-Based DoS Defenses....1797 Second Generation Overlay-Based DoS Defenses....1800 Protection for Web Services....1800 Removing ISP Packet Filtering....1801 Overlay-Based Defenses Against Targeted DoS Attacks....1803 Open Problems....1805 Recommended Reading....1805 Overspender Detection....1806 Definition....1806 Theory....1806 Cross-References....1806 Recommended Reading....1806 Overspending Prevention....1807 Definition....1807 Theory....1807 Cross-References....1807 Recommended Reading....1807 Over-the-Air (OTA) Programming....1807 Ownership....1807 P....1808 P2P....1808 Packet Error Rate....1808 Packet Flooding Attack....1808 Paillier Encryption and Signature Schemes....1808 Definition....1808 Theory....1808 Applications....1809 Cross-References....1809 Recommended Reading....1809 Pairing-Based Key Exchange....1810 Synonyms....1810 Definition....1810 Background....1810 Theory....1810 Applications....1811 Cross-References....1811 Recommended Reading....1811 Pairing-Friendly Elliptic Curves....1811 Definition....1811 Background....1811 Theory....1811 Supersingular Curves....1812 Embedding Degree k=2....1812 Ordinary Curves....1812 MNT Curves....1813 BN Curves....1814 Other Constructions of Pairing-Friendly Ordinary Elliptic Curves....1814 Cross-References....1814 References....1814 Pairings....1815 Synonyms....1815 Definition....1815 Background....1815 Theory....1815 References....1816 Palm Vein Recognition....1816 Palmprint Authentication....1817 Palmprint Recognition....1817 Synonyms....1817 Definitions....1817 Background....1817 Theory....1818 Competitive Code....1819 Ordinal Measure....1820 RLOC....1820 Applications....1821 Experimental Results....1821 Open Problems....1822 References....1822 3D Palmprint....1823 Synonyms....1823 Definitions....1823 Background....1823 Theory....1823 Open Problems....1825 Summary....1826 References....1826 Parallelizable Message Authentication Code....1826 Parent/Child Chains....1827 Passive Physical Attacks....1827 Passport Security....1827 Synonyms....1827 Definition....1827 Background....1827 Theory....1827 Passive Authentication....1828 Active Authentication....1828 Basic Access Control....1828 Secure Messaging....1829 Other Security Mechanisms....1829 Open Problems and Future Directions....1829 Cross-References....1830 References....1830 Password....1830 Definition....1830 Theory....1831 Cross-References....1832 Recommended Reading....1832 Password Nudges....1833 Patch Release....1833 Payment Card....1833 Synonyms....1833 Definition....1833 Theory....1833 Applications....1833 Cross-References....1834 Recommended Reading....1834 Peer Privacy....1834 Peer-to-Peer Systems....1834 Synonyms....1834 Definition....1834 Background....1834 Applications....1835 Open Problems and Future Directions....1835 Cross-References....1836 References....1836 Pegged Sidechains....1836 PEM, Privacy-Enhanced Mail....1836 Synonyms....1836 Definition....1836 Background....1836 Theory....1836 Cross-References....1837 Recommended Reading....1837 Penetration Testing....1837 Definition....1837 Theory....1837 Cross-References....1838 Recommended Reading....1838 Penmanship....1839 Perfect Forward Secrecy....1839 Synonyms....1839 Related concepts and keywords....1839 Definition....1839 Background....1839 Application....1840 References....1840 Perfectly Secure Message Transmission....1841 Background....1841 Definition....1841 Theory....1841 Open Problems....1842 Cross-References....1842 References....1843 Periocular Biometrics....1844 Synonyms....1844 Definitions....1844 Background....1844 Periocular Biometric System....1845 Feature Extraction for Periocular Biometrics....1845 Application....1845 Open Problems and Future Directions....1846 References....1847 Periocular Region....1847 Permissions: Access Control Fundamentals....1847 Synonyms....1847 Definition....1847 Background....1847 Theory....1848 Application....1849 Open Problems and Future Directions....1850 Cross-References....1851 References....1851 Personal Identification Number (PIN)....1851 Definition....1851 References....1851 Personally Identifiable Information....1851 Definitions....1851 Theory and Application....1852 Cross-References....1852 References....1852 Persuasive Communication....1853 Persuasive Security Messages....1853 Synonyms....1853 Definition....1853 Background....1853 Theory and Application....1853 Open Problems and Future Directions....1854 Cross-References....1854 References....1854 PGP....1855 Phenotyping....1855 Synonyms....1855 Definition....1855 Recommended Reading....1855 Phi Function....1855 Photo Privacy....1855 Physical Obfuscated Key....1855 Physical One-Way Function (previously)....1855 Physical Random Function....1855 Physical Random Function (previously)....1855 Physical Security....1855 Definition....1855 Background....1856 Theory....1856 Recommended Reading....1856 Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs)Work done while the author was at Philips Research, The Netherlands....1857 Synonyms....1857 Definition....1857 Theory....1857 Applications....1861 Cross-References....1862 Recommended Reading....1863 Physical(ly) Unclonable Function (alternate spelling)....1864 Physically Obfuscated Key or POK (variant)....1864 Physically Unclonable Function (PUF)....1865 Synonyms....1865 Definition....1865 Background....1865 Theory....1865 PUF Design....1865 PUF Challenges and Responses....1865 Strong and Weak PUFs, POKs....1866 PUF Quality Metrics....1866 Applications....1866 Constructions....1866 Use Cases....1867 Open Problems and Future Directions....1867 Cross-References....1868 References....1868 PIR with Compressed Queries....1868 Synonyms....1868 Definitions....1868 Background....1869 Large Elements....1869 Sublinear Communication....1869 High Computation Costs....1870 Compressing Queries....1870 Brakerski-Fan-Vercauteren FHE Cryptosystem (BFV)....1870 Encoding the Index....1871 Expanding Queries Obliviously....1871 Optimizations....1872 Future Directions....1872 Cross-References....1872 References....1872 PKCS....1872 Definition....1872 Background....1872 Theory....1873 Cross-References....1873 Recommended Reading....1873 PKI....1873 Synonyms....1873 Definition....1873 Theory....1874 Applications....1874 Cross-References....1874 Recommended Reading....1874 PKI Trust Models....1875 Synonyms....1875 Definition....1875 Background....1875 Theory....1876 Applications....1878 Experimental Results....1878 Open Problems and Future Directions....1878 Cross-References....1878 References....1878 PKI Trust Relationships....1878 PKIX, Public Key Infrastructure (X.509)....1878 Definition....1878 Background....1878 Theory....1879 Recommended Reading....1879 Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P)....1879 Definition....1879 Background....1880 Applications....1880 References....1880 Playback Attack....1881 Playfair Cipher....1881 Cross-References....1881 Recommended Reading....1881 PMAC....1881 Synonyms....1881 Definition....1881 Background....1882 Theory....1882 Cross-References....1883 Recommended Reading....1883 POI: Point of Interest....1883 Point Counting....1883 Synonyms....1883 Definition....1883 Background....1883 Theory and Application....1883 Cross-References....1884 References....1885 POK....1885 Policy Composition....1885 Definition....1885 Background....1885 Theory and Application....1885 Open Problems and Future Directions....1887 Cross-References....1887 References....1887 Policy Hiding Attribute-Based Encryption....1887 Policy Misconfigurations....1887 Policy Updatable Attribute-Based Encryption....1887 Political Economy....1887 Polybios Square Encryption....1887 Definition....1887 Cross-References....1888 Recommended Reading....1888 Polyinstantiation....1888 Definition....1888 Background....1888 Theory and Application....1888 Cross-References....1890 References....1890 Polynomial Time....1891 Definition....1891 Theory....1891 Applications....1892 Open Problems....1892 Cross-References....1892 Porta Encryption....1892 Definition....1892 Cross-References....1893 Recommended Reading....1893 Post-quantum ABE....1893 Post-quantum Cryptographic Hardware Primitives....1893 Synonyms....1893 Definitions....1893 Background....1893 Theory and Application....1894 Open Problems and Future Directions....1896 Cross-References....1896 References....1896 Post-quantum Cryptography....1897 Definition....1897 Background....1897 Theory and Applications....1898 Cross-References....1898 References....1898 Post-quantum IBE....1899 Post-quantum Identity-Based Encryption and Attribute-Based Encryption....1899 Synonyms....1899 Definitions....1899 Background....1899 IBE and ABE from Lattices....1899 PQ Models and Assumptions....1900 Open Problems....1901 Cross-References....1901 References....1901 Post-Snowden Cryptography....1901 Synonyms....1901 Definitions....1901 Background....1901 Theory....1902 Algorithm Subversion and Countermeasures....1902 Parameter Subversions and Countermeasures....1903 Hardware Subversions and Countermeasures....1903 Open Problems and Future Directions....1903 Cross-References....1904 References....1904 Power/EM Analysis Attacks....1905 Practical E-Cash....1905 Synonyms....1905 Related Concepts....1905 Definition....1905 Background....1905 Theory of E-Cash....1906 Differences Between E-Cash and E-Investments....1906 Open Problems....1907 References....1907 Practical Revocation in Cryptographic Access Control....1907 Preimage Resistance....1907 Synonyms....1907 Definition....1908 Background....1908 Theory....1908 Cross-References....1908 References....1908 -Presence....1909 Definition....1909 Background....1909 Theory....1909 δ-Presence: Generic Definition....1909 Data Publishing Scenario: Enforcing δ-Presence....1910 Open Problems....1911 Cross-References....1912 References....1912 PRESENT – Block Cipher....1913 Definition....1913 Background....1913 Theory....1913 The sBoxLayer....1913 The pLayer....1913 The Key Scheduling....1913 Cryptanalytic Results....1913 Implementation Results....1913 Cross-References....1914 Recommended Reading....1914 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)....1914 Synonyms....1914 Definition....1915 Background....1915 History....1915 GnuPG....1917 Theory....1917 OpenPGP Standard....1917 Web of Trust Model....1917 Experimental Results....1917 Cross-References....1919 Recommended Reading....1919 Prevention....1919 Primality Proving Algorithm....1919 Definition....1919 Cross-References....1919 Primality Test....1919 Definition....1919 Cross-References....1919 Primary Key....1919 Prime Certificate....1920 Prime Generation....1920 Definition....1920 Theory....1920 Cross-References....1920 Prime Number....1920 Definition....1920 Background....1920 Theory....1921 Primality Tests and Primality Proofs....1922 Primality Test....1923 Primality Proofs....1924 Overview....1925 Cross-References....1926 Recommended Reading....1926 Primitive Element....1927 Definition....1927 Theory....1927 Applications....1928 Cross-References....1928 Privacy....1928 Privacy Assessment....1928 Privacy Attacks Against Relationship on OSNs....1928 Synonyms....1928 Definitions....1928 Background....1928 Telling Relationship from Rich OSN Data....1929 Finding Hidden Relationship in Apps....1929 Compromising Relationship in Data Publishing....1930 References....1930 Privacy Awareness....1931 Privacy Breach Impacts....1931 Privacy by default....1931 Privacy by Design....1931 Privacy Dilemma....1931 Privacy Dilemma, The....1931 Privacy Economics: From Information Theory to Privacy as an Asset....1931 Synonyms....1931 Definitions....1931 Background....1931 Theory....1933 Open Problems and Future Directions....1935 Cross-References....1935 References....1936 Privacy in Data-Driven Circular Economy....1936 Definition....1936 Background....1937 Theory and Application....1937 Open Problems and Future Directions....1938 References....1938 Privacy in Location-Based Data Mining....1938 Definition....1938 Background....1939 Theory....1939 Privacy Attacks....1939 Privacy Protection Schemes....1940 Privacy Protection Through Data Manipulation....1940 Privacy Protection Through the Algorithms and Models....1941 Applications....1942 References....1942 Privacy in Location-Based Social Networks....1943 Privacy in Mobile Crowdsensing....1943 Privacy in Mobile Participatory Sensing....1943 Synonyms....1943 Definition....1943 Background....1943 Threats to Privacy....1944 Theory and Application....1945 Open Problems and Future Directions....1946 Cross-References....1946 References....1946 Privacy in Mobile Sensing Applications....1947 Privacy in Mobile Urban Sensing Applications....1947 Privacy in Participatory Sensing Applications....1947 Privacy Law: Understanding Data Protection Regulations....1947 Synonyms....1947 Definition....1947 Background....1947 Theory....1947 Application....1948 Open Problems and Future Directions....1950 Cross-References....1952 References....1952 Privacy Legislation....1953 Privacy Measurement....1953 Privacy Metrics....1953 Synonyms....1953 Definitions....1953 Theory....1953 Inputs for Privacy Metrics....1953 Properties Measured by Privacy Metrics....1954 Uncertainty Metrics....1954 Information Gain Metrics....1954 Similarity Metrics....1954 Indistinguishability Metrics....1955 Success Metrics....1955 Error Metrics....1955 Time Metrics....1955 Accuracy Metrics....1955 Criteria for Selecting Privacy Metrics....1955 Open Problems and Future Directions....1956 Cross-References....1956 References....1957 Privacy Metrics for Online Social Network Data....1957 Synonyms....1957 Definitions....1957 Theory....1957 k-Anonymity-Based Privacy Metrics....1957 Differential Privacy-Based Metrics....1958 Open Problems and Future Directions....1958 Cross-References....1958 References....1958 Privacy Nudging....1958 Synonyms....1958 Definition....1958 Background....1958 Theory....1959 Open Problems and Future Directions....1960 Cross-References....1960 References....1960 Privacy of Aggregated Location Information....1960 Privacy of Aggregated Mobility Data....1960 Synonyms....1960 Definitions....1960 Background....1960 Theory....1961 Approach 1: Anonymization of Specific Query Results....1962 Syntactic Anonymization....1962 Anonymization with Differential Privacy....1962 Approach 2: Anonymization of the Mobility Dataset....1962 Syntactic Anonymization....1962 Anonymization with Differential Privacy....1963 Approach 3: Anonymization of Spatiotemporal Density....1963 Open Problems and Future Directions....1963 Cross-References....1964 References....1964 Privacy of Outsourced Data....1964 Definitions....1964 Background....1964 Theory....1965 Cloud Adversarial Behavior and Security Requirements/Properties....1965 Honest-but-curious (HBC) adversary....1965 Adversarial view....1965 Malicious adversary....1965 Security properties....1965 Ciphertext indistinguishability....1965 Execution privacy....1965 Security Solutions....1967 Encryption-Based Techniques....1967 Limitations of encryption-based techniques....1967 Systems built using encryption-based techniques....1967 Secret-Sharing-Based Techniques....1968 Limitations....1968 Systems built using secret-sharing-based techniques....1968 Secure Hardware-Based Techniques....1968 Limitations....1968 Systems built using secure hardware-based techniques....1968 Open Problems and Future Directions....1969 Cross-References....1969 References....1969 Privacy of Trace Data....1970 Privacy of Trajectory Data....1970 Synonyms....1970 Definition....1970 Background....1970 Theory....1970 Privacy of a Whole Trajectory....1971 Privacy of Sensitive Place Visits....1972 Open Problems and Future Directions....1972 Cross-References....1973 References....1973 Privacy of Trajectory Micro-data....1973 Privacy Paradox, The....1973 Synonyms....1973 Definition....1973 Background....1973 Theory....1974 Open Problems and Future Directions....1974 Cross-References....1975 References....1975 Privacy Protection in Biometric Systems....1975 Privacy Quantification....1975 Privacy Requirements....1975 Privacy Soft Paternalism....1975 Privacy Violation Impacts....1975 Privacy-Aware Access Control in Decentralized Online Social Networks....1975 Synonyms....1975 Definitions....1975 Background....1975 Theory and Application....1977 Existing Solutions and Future Directions....1977 Cross-References....1978 References....1978 Privacy-Aware Access Control Policies....1979 Definition....1979 Background....1979 Theory....1979 User-Based Privacy Restrictions....1979 Regulation Modeling....1980 Open Problems and Future Directions....1980 Cross-References....1980 References....1980 Privacy-Aware Database....1981 Privacy-Aware Languages....1981 Synonyms....1981 Definition....1981 Background....1981 Theory and Application....1981 Open Problems and Future Directions....1982 Cross-References....1982 References....1982 Privacy-Enabled Database....1983 Privacy-Enhanced Languages....1983 Privacy-Enhanced Technologies....1983 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PET)....1983 Synonyms....1983 Definitions....1983 Background....1983 Theory and Applications....1984 Open Problems and Future Directions....1985 Cross-References....1985 References....1985 Privacy-Preserving Authentication in Wireless Access Networks....1986 Synonyms....1986 Definitions....1986 Background....1986 Theory....1986 Application....1987 Open Problems....1988 References....1988 Privacy-Preserving Data Publishing....1988 Synonyms....1988 Definition....1989 Background....1989 Theory....1990 Open Problems and Future Directions....1991 Cross-References....1991 References....1991 Privacy-Preserving Joins over Encrypted Data....1993 Synonyms....1993 Definition....1993 Theory....1993 Open Problems and Future Directions....1995 Cross-References....1995 References....1995 Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning....1995 Privacy-Preserving Outlier Detection....1995 Privacy-Preserving Technologies....1995 Private Boolean Queries on Encrypted Data....1995 Synonyms....1995 Definition....1995 Background....1996 Theory....1996 Application....1997 Open Problems and Future Directions....1997 Cross-References....1997 References....1997 Private Exponent....1998 Private Information Retrieval....1998 Definitions....1998 Background....1998 Theory....1999 Perfect Privacy Constructions....2000 Cross-References....2000 References....2000 Private Information Retrieval with Preprocessing....2001 Synonyms....2001 Definitions....2001 Background....2001 Theory....2002 Formal Definition....2002 Syntax....2002 Semantics....2002 Negative Results....2003 Constructions....2003 Open Problems and Future Directions....2003 Cross-References....2003 References....2003 Private Information Retrieval with Sublinear Online Time....2004 Private Key Cryptosystem....2004 Private Machine Learning....2004 Private Range Queries....2004 Synonyms....2004 Definitions....2004 Theory....2004 Order-Preserving Encryption....2005 Range-Searchable Encryption....2005 Attacks on Private Range Queries....2005 Open Problems and Future Directions....2006 Cross-References....2006 References....2006 Private Stateful Information Retrieval....2006 Definition....2006 Background....2006 Construction....2007 Cross-References....2009 References....2009 Private-Key Constructions for Dynamic Access Control....2009 Privileges in SQL....2009 Definitions....2009 Theory....2009 Cross-References....2011 References....2011 PRNG....2011 Probabilistic Key Sharing....2011 Synonyms....2011 Definition....2011 Background....2011 Theory....2012 Security Improvements....2012 Attacker Model....2013 Applications....2013 Open Problems and Future Directions....2013 References....2014 Probabilistic Primality Test....2014 Synonyms....2014 Definition....2015 Theory....2015 Cross-References....2015 Probabilistic Public-Key Encryption....2015 Definition....2015 Background....2015 Theory....2015 Cross-References....2015 Recommended Reading....2015 Probabilistic Query Integrity....2015 Definitions....2015 Background....2016 Theory and Application....2016 Open Problems and Future Directions....2018 Cross-References....2018 References....2018 Probing Model....2018 Synonyms....2018 Definitions....2018 Background....2018 Theory....2019 Composition....2019 Real-World Leakage....2019 Open Problems and Future Directions....2019 References....2020 Product Cipher, Superencryption....2020 Definition....2020 Theory....2020 Applications....2021 Cross-References....2021 Recommended Reading....2021 Profiling....2021 Program Verification and Security....2021 Synonyms....2021 Definition....2021 Background....2021 Applications and Experiments....2022 Open Problems and Future Directions....2023 Cross-References....2023 References....2023 Project Athena....2024 Proof of Knowledge Versus Proof of Membership....2024 Cross-References....2024 References....2024 Proof of Stake....2024 Definition....2024 Background....2025 Theory....2025 Nakamoto-Style PoS....2026 PoS via Iterated Byzantine Agreement....2026 Cross-References....2027 References....2027 Proof of Work....2027 Synonyms....2027 Definition....2027 Theory....2027 Applications....2028 Open Problems and Future Directions....2028 Cross-References....2028 References....2029 Proof-Carrying Code....2029 Definition....2029 Background....2029 Theory and Applications....2030 Experimental Results....2031 Recommended Reading....2031 Proofs of Proof-of-Work....2032 Definition....2032 Background....2032 Theory....2033 Application....2034 Open Problems and Future Directions....2034 Cross-References....2034 References....2034 Propagation Characteristics of Boolean Functions....2035 Definition....2035 Background....2035 Theory....2035 Cross-References....2035 Recommended Reading....2036 Protection Rings....2036 Definition....2036 Background....2036 Theory....2036 Applications....2037 Challenges....2038 References....2038 Protocol....2038 Synonyms....2038 Definition....2038 References....2039 Protocol Cookies....2039 Synonyms....2039 Definition....2039 Background....2039 Application and Theory....2039 Cross-References....2040 Recommended Reading....2040 -Protocols....2040 Definition....2040 Background....2040 Theory....2041 Applications....2042 Cross-References....2042 Recommended Reading....2042 Proximity Card....2042 Definition....2042 Background....2042 Applications....2043 Cross-References....2043 Recommended Reading....2043 Proxy Re-encryption....2043 Definition....2043 Bilinear Groups....2043 Strong One-Time Signature....2043 Background....2044 Multi-hop Bidirectional PRE....2044 Single-Hop Unidirectional PRE....2045 More on Proxy Re-encryption....2047 Open Problems and Future Directions....2047 References....2047 PSC....2048 Pseudo-Mersenne Prime....2048 Definition....2048 Applications....2048 Recommended Reading....2048 Pseudo-Noise Sequences (PN-Sequences)....2048 Definition....2048 Cross-References....2049 Recommended Reading....2049 Pseudonym....2049 Pseudonymity....2049 Pseudonymity in OSNs....2049 Pseudonymization (Accordingto GDPR)....2049 Definition....2049 Background....2049 Theory....2050 Open Problems and Future Directions....2051 Cross-References....2052 References....2052 Pseudonyms....2052 Synonyms....2052 Definition....2052 Background....2053 Theory....2053 Applications....2054 Cross-References....2054 References....2054 Pseudonyms for Mobile Networks....2054 Synonyms....2054 Definitions....2055 Background....2055 Theory....2055 Open Challenges....2056 Cross-References....2056 References....2057 Pseudoprime....2057 Definition....2057 Applications....2057 Cross-References....2057 Pseudorandom Function....2057 Definition....2057 Theory....2057 Applications....2058 Cross-References....2058 Recommended Reading....2058 Pseudorandom Number Generator....2058 Synonyms....2058 Definition....2058 Background....2058 Theory....2059 Applications....2059 PRNG Structure....2059 PRNG Examples....2059 PRNG Initialization....2059 Experimental Results....2060 Open Problems....2060 Cross-References....2060 Recommended Reading....2060 Psychology of Cybercrime....2060 Synonyms....2060 Definition....2060 Background....2061 Theory and Application....2061 The Online Offender....2061 The Online Victim....2063 Open Problems and Future Directions....2063 Cross-References....2064 References....2064 Public Exponent....2064 Public Key Cryptography....2064 Definition....2064 Background....2064 Theory....2065 Cross-References....2065 Recommended Reading....2065 Public Key Encryption....2065 Public Key Infrastructure....2066 Public Key Proxy Encryption....2066 Definition....2066 Theory....2066 Applications....2068 Cross-References....2068 Recommended Reading....2068 Public Key Proxy Signatures....2068 Definition....2068 Theory....2068 Applications....2070 Cross-References....2070 Recommended Reading....2070 Public-Key Authenticated Encryption....2070 Public-Key Cryptosystem....2070 Public-Key Searchable Encryption Models....2070 Publicly Verifiable Proof-of-Sequential Work....2070 PUF....2071 Pufferfish....2071 Pufferfish Privacy....2071 Synonyms....2071 Definitions....2071 Background....2071 Theory and Application....2071 Open Problems and Future Directions....2072 Cross-References....2072 References....2072 Q....2073 QRP....2073 Quadratic Residue....2073 Definition....2073 Theory....2073 Open Problems....2073 Cross-References....2073 Quadratic Residuosity Problem....2073 Synonyms....2073 Definition....2074 Theory....2074 Applications....2074 Cross-References....2074 Recommended Reading....2074 Quadratic Sieve....2074 Definition....2074 Background....2074 Theory....2074 Generation of Relations....2075 Computation of Polynomial Coefficients....2075 Optimization and Parameter Selection....2075 Cross-References....2076 Recommended Reading....2076 Quality Measures....2077 Quantum Cryptography....2077 Definition....2077 Background....2077 Theory....2077 The Various Uses of Quantum Physics for Cryptography....2077 Quantum Key Distribution....2078 Alternative Quantum Key Distribution Protocols and Implementations....2079 Cryptography on Quantum Data....2080 Recommended Reading....2080 Quantum-Safe Identity and Attribute Based Encryption....2082 Quasi-Identifier....2082 Definition....2082 Background....2082 Theory....2083 Application....2084 Experimental results....2084 Cross-References....2084 References....2084 Queries over Encrypted Relational DBMS....2084 Query Integrity....2085 Definitions....2085 Background....2085 Theory and Application....2085 Open Problems and Future Directions....2086 Cross-References....2086 References....2086 Query Processing on Encrypted Relational Databases....2086 R....2087 Rabin Cryptosystem....2087 Definition....2087 Background....2087 Theory....2087 The Rabin Primitive....2088 Cross-References....2088 Recommended Reading....2088 Rabin Digital Signature Scheme....2088 Background....2088 Theory....2088 Cross-References....2089 Recommended Reading....2089 Radio Fingerprinting....2090 Radio Frequency Attacks....2090 Definition....2090 Background....2090 Theory....2090 Principles and Description....2091 ElectroMagnetic Pulse....2092 Coupling....2092 Damage....2093 Energy....2093 Nonnuclear Techniques....2093 Protection and Countermeasures....2094 Targets and Properties....2095 Properties....2095 Further Reading....2095 Conclusions....2096 Recommended Reading....2097 Radio Interference Attack Defense....2097 Radio-Frequency (RF) Fingerprinting....2098 Radiometric Identification....2098 Radiometrics....2098 Rainbow Tables....2098 Definition....2098 Theory....2098 Cross-References....2099 Recommended Reading....2099 Random Bit Generator....2099 Definition....2099 Background....2099 Theory....2099 Raw Random Bit Sources....2099 SW-Based Generators....2100 HW-Based Generators....2100 Randomness Sources in HW-Based Generators....2100 Post-Processing....2102 Recommended Reading....2103 Random Key Predistribution....2104 Random Number Testing....2104 Definition....2104 Background....2104 Theory/Application....2104 The Monobit or Frequency Test for Entire Sequence....2105 The Runs Test for the Entire Sequence....2105 Test for the Longest-Run-of-Ones in a Block....2105 Frequency Test Within a Block....2105 Open Problems....2105 Cross-References....2105 References....2105 Random Oracle Model....2105 Definition....2105 Theory....2106 Cross-References....2106 Recommended Reading....2106 Randomised Agreement....2107 Range Queries over Encrypted Data....2107 Synonyms....2107 Definitions....2107 Background....2107 Theory....2108 Open Problems and Future Directions....2109 Cross-References....2109 References....2109 Range-Searchable Encryption....2109 Rank Codes....2110 Synonyms....2110 Definition....2110 Background....2110 Theory....2110 Delsarte's Optimal Rank Codes in Matrix Representation....2111 Optimal Rank Codes in Vector Representation....2111 Correcting Rank Errors and Rank Erasures....2112 Open Problems....2112 Cross-References....2112 Recommended Reading....2113 Rank Estimation....2113 Synonyms....2113 Definitions....2113 Background....2113 Application....2114 Open Problems and Future Directions....2114 Cross-References....2114 References....2115 Ranked Search on Encrypted Data....2115 Synonyms....2115 Definitions....2115 Historical Background....2115 General Framework of Ranked Search Over Encrypted Data....2116 Challenges and Future Directions....2117 Key Application....2118 Cross-References....2118 References....2118 Ranking Queries on Encrypted Data....2118 Rank-Metric Codes....2118 Ransomware....2118 Synonyms....2118 Definitions....2118 Background....2119 Application....2119 Open Problems and Future Directions....2120 Cross-References....2120 References....2120 RBAC....2120 RC4....2120 Definition....2120 Background....2121 Theory....2121 Applications....2121 Cross-References....2122 Recommended Reading....2122 RC5....2122 Synonyms....2122 Definition....2122 Background....2123 Theory....2123 Applications....2123 Cross-References....2123 Recommended Reading....2123 RC6....2124 Synonyms....2124 Definition....2124 Background....2124 Theory....2124 Applications....2124 Cross-References....2125 Recommended Reading....2125 Reactive Security....2125 Recipient Anonymity....2125 Definition....2125 Theory....2125 Applications....2127 Open Problems and Future Directions....2127 Cross-References....2128 References....2128 Recognition....2128 Record Linkage....2128 Recursive Revoke....2128 Synonyms....2128 Definition....2128 Theory....2128 Historical Notes....2129 Cross-References....2131 References....2131 Redundancy-Based Countermeasures....2131 Reed–Muller Codes....2131 Synonyms....2131 Definition....2131 Background....2131 Theory....2131 Cross-References....2132 Recommended Reading....2132 Reference Monitor....2133 Definition....2133 Background....2133 Theory....2133 Applications....2134 Open Problems....2134 Cross-References....2135 Recommended Reading....2135 Reflection DoS Attacks....2136 Regulation (EU) 2022/868....2136 Regulation (EU) 2023/2854....2136 Regulation EU 2016/679....2136 Re-identification and Automatic Update for Biometrics....2136 Synonyms....2136 Summary....2136 Definitions....2136 Background....2136 Application....2137 Open Problems and Future Directions....2137 References....2137 Related (not identical) to Doubly Efficient Private Information Retrieval (DEPIR)....2138 Related Key Attack....2138 Definition....2138 Background....2138 Theory....2138 Applications....2138 Cross-References....2138 Recommended Reading....2139 Relationship Anonymity....2139 Relationship on OSNs....2139 Relatively Prime....2139 Synonyms....2139 Definition....2139 Cross-References....2139 Remote Attestation....2139 Remote Attestation in IoT Devices....2139 Definition....2139 Background....2140 Theory....2141 Open Problems and Future Directions....2142 Cross-References....2142 References....2142 Remote Face Recognition....2143 Synonyms....2143 Definitions....2143 Background....2143 Theory....2143 Low Resolution....2143 Blur....2144 Atmospheric Turbulence....2144 Application....2144 Summary....2145 Open Problems and Future Directions....2146 References....2146 Remote Updates....2146 Replay Attack....2147 Synonyms....2147 Definition....2147 Application....2147 Open Problems and Future Directions....2147 Cross-References....2147 References....2147 Residue Arithmetic....2147 Resilience Expenditure....2147 Resilience in Cyber Physical Systems....2147 Resilience in Cyber-Physical Systems....2148 Synonyms....2148 Definition....2148 Background....2148 Theory and Application....2148 Open Problems and Future Directions....2148 Cross-References....2149 References....2149 Resilient Control Systems....2150 Resilient Embedded and Smart Systems....2150 Resistance to the Standard Algebraic Attack....2150 Response....2150 Definition....2150 Cross-References....2150 Response and Reconfiguration Under Attacks in CPS....2150 Synonyms....2150 Definitions....2150 Background ....2150 Attack Detection and the Missing Link to Attack Response....2152 Response and Reconfiguration Under Attacks in CPS....2152 Conclusions....2154 References....2154 Resynchronization Attack....2155 Definition....2155 Applications....2156 Cross-References....2156 Recommended Reading....2156 Retina Recognition....2156 Reverse Engineering of Malware Emulators....2156 Synonyms....2156 Definition....2156 Background....2156 Applications....2156 Open Problems....2157 Recommended Reading....2157 Reverse Public Key Encryption....2157 Definition....2157 Recommended Reading....2157 RFID Security....2158 Synonyms....2158 Definition....2158 Background....2158 Theory....2158 Impersonation....2158 Privacy....2158 Denial of Service....2159 Open Problems and Future Directions....2159 Cross-References....2159 References....2159 Right-to-Left Exponentiation....2159 Definition....2159 Background....2159 Theory....2160 Cross-References....2160 Recommended Reading....2160 Rijndael....2160 Synonyms....2160 Definition....2160 Background....2160 Theory....2160 Structure....2161 The Round Transformation....2161 Key Schedule....2163 Security....2163 Applications....2164 Cross-References....2164 Recommended Reading....2164 Ring....2164 Definition....2164 Theory....2164 Applications....2165 Cross-References....2165 Ring Signatures....2165 RIPEMD Family....2165 Cross-References....2168 Recommended Reading....2168 Risk Communication....2169 Synonyms....2169 Definition....2169 Background....2169 Theory and Application....2170 Open Problems and Future Directions....2171 Cross-References....2171 References....2171 Risk Mitigation....2171 Risk Perception....2171 Risk Prediction....2171 Risk Reduction....2172 Risk Response....2172 Rivest Cipher 5....2172 Rivest Cipher 6....2172 Robust Machine Learning....2172 Robust Private Information Retrieval....2172 Definitions....2172 Theory....2172 References....2174 Role-Based Access Control....2174 Synonyms....2174 Definition....2174 Background....2174 Theory....2175 Applications....2176 Experimental Results....2176 Open Problems and Future Directions....2176 Cross-References....2177 Recommended Reading....2177 Roles in SQL....2177 Synonyms....2177 Definition....2177 Background....2177 Application....2177 Open Problems and Future Directions....2178 Cross-References....2179 References....2179 Rons Code 5....2180 Rons Code 6....2180 Root Cause Analysis....2180 Synonyms....2180 Definition....2180 Theory....2180 Five Why's Technique....2181 Fishbone Diagram....2182 Causal Factors Analysis....2182 Open Problems and Future Directions....2183 Root of Trust....2183 Synonyms....2183 Definition....2183 Background....2183 Hardware Root of Trust....2184 Attributes of a TPM Root of Trust....2184 Attributes of a Secure Processor Root of Trust....2185 Current Research in Secure Processing....2185 Open Problems....2185 Cross-References....2186 Recommended Reading....2186 Rootkits....2186 Synonyms....2186 Definition....2186 Background....2186 Applications....2187 Cross-References....2187 References....2187 RSA Digital Signature Scheme....2187 Definition....2187 Theory....2187 Applications....2190 Cross-References....2191 Recommended Reading....2191 RSA Factoring Challenge....2192 Definition....2192 Background....2192 Applications....2193 Cross-References....2193 Recommended Reading....2193 RSA Problem....2194 Definition....2194 Theory....2194 Relationship to Integer Factoring....2194 Recovering the Private Key....2195 Self-Reducibility....2195 Low Public-Exponent RSA....2195 Strong RSA Assumption....2196 Bit-Security of RSA Encryption....2196 Chosen Ciphertext Attacks....2196 Conclusions....2197 Applications....2197 Open Problems....2197 Cross-References....2197 Recommended Reading....2197 RSA Public-Key Encryption....2198 Definition....2198 Theory....2199 One-Way Permutations....2199 Number Theory....2199 Modular Powers and Roots....2200 The RSA Primitive....2201 The RSA Problem....2201 The Plain RSA Cryptosystem....2201 Security Weaknesses....2201 Multicast Encryption....2201 Small Exponents....2202 Applications....2202 Cross-References....2202 Recommended Reading....2202 RTL Security Verification....2203 Run....2203 Definition....2203 Applications....2203 Cross-References....2203 Recommended Reading....2203 Running-Key....2203 Synonyms....2203 Definition....2203 Cross-References....2203 Runtime Analysis....2203 Run-Time Malware Analysis....2203 S....2204 Safety in Cyber-Physical Systems....2204 Synonyms....2204 Definition....2204 Theory and Applications....2204 Open Problems and Future Directions....2205 Cross-References....2205 References....2206 Salt....2206 Related Concepts....2206 Definition....2206 Applications....2206 Cross-References....2207 References....2207 Sandbox....2207 Definition....2207 Background....2207 Theory....2209 Applications....2210 Open Problems....2211 Cross-References....2211 References....2211 SCADA System....2211 Schemes Based on Rank Codes....2212 Synonyms....2212 Definition....2212 Background....2212 Theory....2212 Optimal Linear Rank Codes....2212 Parallel Channels and Correcting Random Rank Errors and Rank Erasures....2213 Rank Codes as Space-Time Codes....2214 Rank Codes in Network Coding....2214 Public Key Cryptosystems Based on Rank Codes....2215 Open Problems....2215 Recommended Reading....2215 Schnorr Digital Signature Scheme....2216 Background....2216 Theory....2216 Cross-References....2217 Recommended Reading....2217 Schnorr Identification Protocol....2217 Definition....2217 Background....2217 Theory....2217 Applications....2218 Cross-References....2218 References....2218 Sclera Recognition....2218 Score Calibration....2218 Score Normalization....2218 Synonyms....2218 Definitions....2218 Theory....2219 Statistics-based score normalization procedures....2219 Min-max normalization....2219 Z-score normalization....2219 Median-MAD normalization....2219 Generalized logit transform....2220 Class-aware score normalization....2220 F-norm....2220 Tanh-approximator....2220 Score normalization based on the Bayes theorem....2221 The log-likelihood ratio approach....2221 Logistic regression....2221 Logistic regression as a linear approximation to LLR....2221 Double sigmoid function....2221 Open problems....2221 Summary....2222 References....2222 Screaming Channels....2223 Definitions....2223 Background....2223 Radio Transmitters....2223 Mixed-Signal Chips....2223 Theory and Application....2223 A Side Channel over Radio....2223 Overview....2223 Root Problem....2223 Characteristics....2224 Attack....2224 Large Distance....2224 Realistic Target....2224 Future Directions....2225 Attacks....2225 Hardware Encryption....2225 Other Radio Protocols....2225 Defenses....2225 Software....2225 Hardware....2225 Cross-References....2225 References....2225 Script Language Security....2226 Synonyms....2226 Definition....2226 Background....2226 Theory....2226 Browsers Security Measures....2227 Open Problems....2227 Cross-References....2228 References....2228 SEAL....2228 Synonyms....2228 Definition....2228 Background....2228 Applications....2228 Cross-References....2229 Recommended Reading....2229 Sealed Storage....2229 Definition....2229 Sealed Storage in the TPM....2229 Applications....2230 Open Problems....2230 Cross-References....2230 Recommended Reading....2230 Search on Encrypted Multi-writer Tables....2231 Definition....2231 Background....2231 Theory....2231 Applications....2232 Open Problems....2233 Cross-References....2233 References....2233 Search over Ciphertext Datasets Using Partition Computation....2234 Definitions....2234 Background....2234 Theory....2234 Partitioned Computations....2235 Inference Attack in Partitioned Computations....2236 Partitioned Data Security at the Public Cloud....2237 Query Binning....2237 Open Problems....2239 Cross-References....2239 References....2239 Search over Encrypted Data....2239 Definitions....2239 Background ....2239 Theory....2240 Keyword Search over Encrypted Documents....2240 Range Queries over Encrypted Data....2241 Bucketization for Relational Queries....2242 Search Using Secure Hardware....2243 Open Problems....2243 Cross-References....2244 References....2244 Search over Secret-Shared Datasets....2244 Definitions....2244 Background....2244 Theory....2245 String-Matching Using Accumulating Automata....2245 Open Problems and Future Directions....2247 Cross-References....2247 References....2247 Searchable Attribute-Based Encryption....2248 Searchable Encryption....2248 Searchable Encryption with Fine-Grained Access Control....2248 Searchable Symmetric Encryption....2248 Synonyms....2248 Definition....2248 Background....2248 Theory....2248 Open Problems....2250 Cross-References....2250 References....2251 Searchable Symmetric Encryption on Trusted Execution Environments....2251 Synonyms....2251 Definitions....2251 Background....2251 Searchable Symmetric Encryption....2251 Trusted Execution Environments in Encrypted Search....2251 Theory....2251 Attacks on Trusted Hardware....2253 Open Problems and Future Directions....2253 Cross-References....2253 References....2253 Second Preimage Resistance....2254 Synonyms....2254 Definition....2255 Background....2255 Theory....2255 Cross-References....2255 References....2255 Secondary Use Regulations....2255 Definition....2255 Background....2256 Theory and Applications....2256 Secondary Purpose....2256 Secondary Disclosure....2257 Cross-References....2257 Recommended Reading....2257 Secret Key Agreement....2257 Secret Key Cryptosystem....2257 Secret Key Establishment....2257 Secret Key Generation in Sensor Networks....2258 Synonyms....2258 Definitions....2258 Background....2258 Theory....2258 The Process of Secret Key Generation....2258 Application....2259 Radio Signals....2259 Audio Signals....2259 Movements....2259 Human Biometrics....2260 Others....2260 Open Problems and Future Directions....2260 Cross-References....2260 References....2260 Secret Sharing....2261 Secret Sharing and Shamir Threshold Scheme....2261 Background....2261 Definition....2261 Theory....2261 Shamir's Secret Sharing....2262 The Scheme....2262 Security....2262 Properties of Shamir's Scheme....2262 General Adversary Case....2262 Ideal Secret Sharing and Size of Shares....2263 Enhanced Properties....2264 Dealing with Active Adversaries....2264 Dynamic Aspects....2264 Variants....2264 Cross-References....2264 References....2265 Secret Vaulting....2265 Secure and Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning....2266 Synonyms....2266 Definition....2266 Background....2266 Theory....2266 Open Problems and Future Directions....2267 Cross-References....2267 References....2267 Secure and Private Communication....2267 Secure Audit Logs....2267 Synonyms....2267 Definition....2267 Background....2268 Theory....2268 Cross-References....2269 References....2269 Secure Cloud Data Utilization....2270 Secure Code Updates....2270 Secure Communication....2270 Secure Communication Bootstrapping....2270 Secure Computation....2270 Secure Computation of Differentially Private Mechanisms....2270 Synonyms....2270 Definition....2270 Background....2270 Theory....2270 Models....2271 Distributed Noise Generation....2271 Applications....2272 Open Problems and Future Directions....2273 Cross-References....2273 References....2273 Secure Computer System Model....2273 Secure Configuration Management....2273 Secure Coprocessor....2274 Synonyms....2274 Definition....2274 Background....2274 Theory and Applications....2274 Cross-References....2275 Recommended Reading....2275 Secure Data Aggregation....2275 Definition....2275 Background....2275 Theory and Applications....2276 Open Problems....2277 Recommended Reading....2277 Secure Data Deduplication....2277 Secure Data Deduplication Schemes....2278 Synonyms....2278 Definitions....2278 Background ....2278 Theory....2278 Open Problems and Future Directions....2279 Cross-References....2279 References....2280 Secure Data Outsourcing....2280 Synonyms....2280 Definition....2281 Background....2281 Query Correctness....2281 Verifiable Computation....2281 Data Confidentiality....2281 Searching on Encrypted Data....2281 Encrypted Databases....2281 Data Access Privacy....2281 Private Information Retrieval....2281 Oblivious RAM....2281 Theory & Applications....2282 Query Correctness....2282 Verifiable Computation....2282 Data Confidentiality....2282 Data Access Privacy....2282 Open Problems and Future Directions....2282 Cross-References....2282 References....2283 Secure Deduplication....2283 Secure Deletion....2283 Secure Device Pairing....2283 Synonyms....2283 Definitions....2283 Background ....2283 Theory....2284 General Procedure and System Model....2284 Terminology....2285 Threat Models....2285 Device Pairing Methods....2286 Cryptographic Protocols....2286 Pairwise Device Pairing....2286 Extension to a Group of Devices....2287 Applications....2287 Open Problems and Future Directions....2288 Cross-References....2289 References....2289 Secure Element....2289 Definition....2289 Background....2290 Applications....2290 Open Problems and Future Directions....2290 Cross-References....2290 Recommended Reading....2290 Secure Email....2290 Secure Erasure....2290 Secure Firmware Updates....2291 Secure First Connect....2291 Secure Function Evaluation....2291 Secure Hash Algorithm....2291 Secure Index....2291 Synonyms....2291 Definition....2291 Background....2291 Theory....2293 Cross-References....2294 References....2294 Secure Joins....2294 Secure Logging....2294 Secure Machine Learning....2294 Secure Multiparty Computation....2295 Secure Multi-party Computation....2295 Secure Multi-party Computation of Differentially Private Mechanisms....2295 Secure Network Coding for Wireless Mesh Networks....2295 Synonyms....2295 Definitions....2295 Background....2295 Theory....2296 Attacks Against Network Coding....2296 Defenses....2298 Cross-References....2299 References....2299 Secure Networks Design....2300 Secure Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks....2300 Synonyms....2300 Definitions....2300 Background....2300 Theory....2301 Attacks Against Routing....2301 Defenses....2302 Applications....2304 References....2304 Secure Shell....2305 Secure Signatures from the “Strong RSA” Assumption....2305 Background....2305 Theory....2305 Cross-References....2307 References....2307 Secure Socket Layer (SSL)....2307 Synonyms....2307 Definition....2307 Background....2307 History....2307 Theory....2308 Layer Structure....2308 Basic Protocol Sequence....2308 Server Authentication....2309 Client Authentication....2310 Ephemeral Diffie–Hellman Key Agreement....2310 Protocol Resumption....2310 Additional Information....2310 Security Analysis....2310 Cross-References....2311 References....2311 Secure Software Dissemination....2312 Secure Software Updates in IoT Devices....2312 Synonyms....2312 Definition....2312 Background....2312 Theory....2313 Security Properties....2314 Open Problems and Future Directions....2315 Cross-References....2315 References....2315 Secure Time Synchronization....2315 Definition....2315 Background....2315 Theory....2316 Applications....2316 Open Problems....2317 Cross-References....2317 Recommended Reading....2317 Secure Vehicular Communication Systems....2317 Synonyms....2317 Definition....2317 Background....2317 Theory and Applications....2318 Security and Privacy Architecture for VC Systems....2319 Open Problems and Future Directions....2320 Cross-References....2321 References....2321 Secure Wireless Mesh Networks....2322 Secure Wireless Multicast....2322 Security....2322 Security Analytics....2322 Synonyms....2322 Definition....2323 Background....2323 Theory OR Application OR Both....2323 Open Problems and Future Directions....2324 Cross-References....2324 References....2324 Security and Device Aging....2325 Definitions....2325 Background....2325 Aging-Induced Security Concerns....2325 Device Aging in Cryptographic Cores....2327 Open Problems and Future Directions....2328 Cross-References....2328 References....2328 Security and Privacy Aspects in the Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) Protocol....2328 Synonyms....2328 Definitions....2329 Background....2329 Theory....2329 Open Problems and Future Directions ....2330 References....2330 Security Architecture....2330 Definition....2330 Theory....2330 Applications....2330 Recommended Reading....2331 Security Awareness....2331 Security Budget....2331 Security Capability Maturity Model....2331 Synonyms....2331 Definition....2331 Background....2331 Theory and Application....2332 Open Problems and Future Directions....2333 Cross-References....2333 References....2334 Security Compliance....2334 Security Controls....2334 Security Culture....2334 Security Evaluation Criteria....2334 Definition....2334 Background....2334 Theory/Applications....2335 Cross-References....2336 References....2336 Security Evaluation Tool....2336 Security Fatigue....2336 Synonyms....2336 Definition....2336 Background....2336 Theory and Application....2336 Causes of Fatigue....2337 Assessing Fatigue....2338 Open Problems and Future Directions....2339 Cross-References....2339 References....2339 Security for Mashups....2340 Definition....2340 Background....2340 Theory....2341 Open Problems....2341 Cross-References....2342 Recommended Reading....2342 Security if Web Browser Scripting Languages....2342 Security Implication in Virtualization....2342 Synonyms....2342 Definition....2343 Background....2343 What Is Virtualization?....2343 Virtualization Types....2343 Virtualization Benefits....2343 Virtualization Security Risks....2344 Theory....2344 Operating System-Based Virtualization Methods....2344 Workload Isolation....2344 Workload Consolidation....2345 Workload Migration....2345 Hardware-Based Virtualization....2345 Performance Comparisons....2345 System Architectures for Virtualization....2345 Virtualization Security Overview....2346 Guest OS Isolation....2346 Guest OS Monitoring....2347 Image and Snapshot Management....2347 Access Control Policy-Based Virtualization Security....2347 Trusted Platform Module-Based Virtualization Security....2347 Applications....2347 Overview....2347 Hypervisor Architecture....2348 Secure Hypervisor (sHype) Example....2349 Commercially Available Products....2349 Virtualization Security Tools....2349 Open Problems and Future Directions....2349 Virtualization Security Problems....2351 Future Directions for Virtualization-Based Security....2351 Conclusion....2352 Acronyms and Abbreviations....2352 Cross-References....2352 References....2352 Security Information and Event Management (SIEM)....2353 Synonyms....2353 Definition....2353 Background....2354 Theory and Applications....2354 Open Problems and Future Directions....2355 Cross-References....2355 References....2355 Security Information Event Management (SIEM)....2355 Security Information Sharing....2355 Security Investment....2356 Synonyms....2356 Definitions....2356 Theory....2356 Open Problems and Future Directions....2358 Cross-References....2359 References....2359 Security Investment, Interdependence, Attacking, and Information Sharing....2359 Synonyms....2359 Definition....2359 Background....2359 Introduction....2360 Security Investment....2360 Income Effect....2360 Interdependence....2360 Substitution Effect....2360 Information Sharing....2361 Results....2361 Future Research....2361 References....2361 Security Motivation....2362 Security Nudges....2362 Synonyms....2362 Definition....2362 Background....2362 Theory and Application....2363 Synchronous and Asynchronous Strength Indicators....2363 Password Policy Alignment....2364 Presentation....2364 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Nudges....2365 Moving Image Strength Indicator in the Context of Nudges....2365 Cross-References....2366 References....2366 Security of Cognitive Radios....2367 Definition....2367 Background....2367 Applications....2367 Recommended Reading....2368 Security of Contactless Integrated Circuits....2369 Security of Contactless Microcircuits....2369 Security of Contactless Smartcards....2369 Security of Distance Bounding Protocols....2369 Definition....2369 Background....2369 Theory....2369 Recommended Reading....2370 Security of Group Communication in Wireless Mesh Networks....2370 Synonyms....2370 Definitions....2370 Background....2370 Theory....2371 Approaches to Secure Group Communication....2372 Secure Group Overlay-Based Group Communication in WMNs....2373 Applications....2374 References....2374 Security of Radio Frequency Identification....2375 Security of Wireless Mesh Networks (General Overview)....2375 Synonyms....2375 Definitions....2375 Background....2375 Theory....2377 Applications....2379 Cross-References....2379 References....2379 Security Operations Center (SOC)....2380 Definition....2380 Background....2381 Theory and Applications....2381 Open Problems and Future Directions....2382 Cross-References....2382 References....2382 Security Reduction....2382 Definition....2382 Background....2382 Theory....2383 Applications....2384 Recommended Reading....2384 Security Reputation Metrics....2384 Definitions....2384 Background....2384 Application....2385 Hosting Providers....2385 Top-Level Domains....2386 Internet Service Providers....2387 Open Problems and Future Directions....2387 References....2388 Security Risk Assessment for Cyber-Physical Systems....2389 Definition....2389 Background....2389 Theory and Application....2389 Open Problems and Future Directions....2391 Cross-References....2391 References....2391 Security Standards Activities....2392 Definition....2392 Background....2392 Activities....2392 X.509....2392 PKIX....2393 LDAP....2394 S/MIME....2394 LAMPS....2395 JOSE....2395 COSE....2396 IPsec....2396 IPsecME....2396 TLS....2396 Secure Shell....2397 AAA....2397 OpenPGP....2397 XML Security....2398 IEEE P802....2398 ANSI X9F....2398 FIPS....2399 Influential Activities....2399 US FPKI....2399 References....2399 Security Testbed....2401 Security Token....2401 Security Validation....2401 Security Verification....2401 Security Verification of System-on-Chips (SoCs)....2401 Synonyms....2401 Background....2401 State of the Art....2402 Information Flow Tracking....2402 Theorem Proving....2402 Secure HDL....2402 Assertion-Based Verification....2402 Symbolic Testing....2402 Open Problems and Future Directions....2402 References....2403 Security Visualization....2403 Segregation of Duties....2403 Selective Forgery of Digital Signatures....2404 Definition....2404 Recommended Reading....2404 Self-Defense....2404 Selfie Biometrics....2404 Definitions....2404 Background....2404 Application....2406 Open Problems and Future Directions....2406 Open-set liveness/spoof detection....2406 On-device computation....2406 Fairness analysis....2406 Summary....2407 References....2407 Self-Shrinking Generator....2407 Definition....2407 Background....2407 Example....2407 Theory....2408 Cross-References....2408 Recommended Reading....2408 Self-Sovereign Identity....2408 Definitions....2408 Theory and Applications....2408 Open Problems and Future Directions....2410 Cross-References....2410 References....2410 Self-Synchronizing Stream Cipher....2410 Synonyms....2410 Definition....2410 Background....2411 Example....2411 Theory....2411 Applications....2411 Cross-References....2412 Recommended Reading....2412 Semantic Security....2412 Synonyms....2412 Definition....2412 Theory....2412 Cross-References....2413 Recommended Reading....2413 Sender Anonymity....2413 Synonyms....2413 Definitions....2413 Background ....2413 Theory/Application/Both ....2413 Open Problems and Future Directions....2413 Cross-References....2414 References....2414 Sensitive Privacy: Data Privacy for Analyzing Anomalies....2414 Synonyms....2414 Definitions....2415 Background....2415 Theory & Concepts....2415 How to Achieve Sensitive Privacy....2416 Cross-References....2416 References....2416 Sensor Key Establishment and Maintenance....2417 Sensor Key Management....2417 Synonyms....2417 Definition....2417 Background....2417 Theory....2417 Open Problems....2419 Cross-References....2419 Recommended Reading....2419 SEPA....2419 Synonyms....2419 Definition....2420 Background....2420 Applications....2420 Recommended Reading....2420 Separation of Duties....2420 Synonyms....2420 Definition....2421 Background....2421 Applications....2423 Strong Exclusion (Static Separation of Duty)....2423 Weak Exclusion (Dynamic Separation of Duty)....2423 Open Problems....2424 Experimental Results....2424 Cross-References....2424 Recommended Reading....2424 Sequences....2425 Definition....2425 Theory....2425 Applications....2429 Cross-References....2429 Recommended Reading....2429 Sequential and Combinational Satisfiability Attacks....2429 Synonyms....2429 Definition....2430 Background....2430 Theory and Application....2430 Open Problems and Future Directions....2433 Cross-References....2434 References....2434 SERPENT....2434 Cross-References....2435 Recommended Reading....2435 Session Hijacking Attacks....2435 Definition....2435 Background....2435 Theory....2436 Open Problems....2436 Cross-References....2436 Recommended Reading....2436 SFA....2437 SHA....2437 SHA-0, SHA-1, SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm)....2437 Synonyms....2437 Definition....2437 Background....2437 Theory....2437 Padding....2438 SHA-1 Compression Function....2438 SHA-0....2438 SHA-256 and SHA-512 Compression Functions....2439 SHA-224....2439 SHA-384....2439 Applications....2439 Security Considerations....2440 Open Problems....2440 Cross-References....2441 References....2441 Shamirs Trick....2441 Shannons Maxim....2441 Shannon's Model....2441 Synonyms....2441 Definition....2441 Background....2442 Theory....2442 Applications....2443 Cross-References....2443 Recommended Reading....2443 Sharding....2443 Synonyms....2443 Definitions....2443 Background....2443 Theory....2444 Multiconsensus Architecture....2444 Uniconsensus Architecture....2445 Cross-Shard Transactions....2446 Open Problems and Future Directions....2447 Cross-References....2447 References....2447 Shortest Vector Problem....2448 Definition....2448 Background....2448 Theory....2448 Applications....2449 Open Problems....2449 Cross-References....2449 Recommended Reading....2449 Short-Term Credential....2450 Shrinking Generator....2450 Definition....2450 Example....2450 Theory....2450 Cross-References....2451 Recommended Reading....2451 Shuffle Index....2451 Definition....2451 Background....2452 Theory....2452 Open Problems....2455 Cross-References....2455 References....2455 Sidechains....2455 Synonyms....2455 Definition....2455 Background....2455 Theory....2456 Security of Sidechains....2456 Firewall Property....2456 Cross-Chain Communication....2456 Types of Cross-Chain Communication....2456 Techniques for Cross-Chain Communication....2457 Application....2457 Open Problems and Future Directions....2457 Cross-References....2458 References....2458 Side-Channel Attacks....2458 Synonyms....2458 Definitions....2458 Background....2458 Application....2458 Mitigation....2459 Open Problems....2460 Cross-References....2460 References....2460 Side-Channel Attacks and Countermeasures....2461 Side-Channel Leakage....2461 Side-Channel Security Evaluation Tool....2461 SIDH....2461 SIEM System....2461 SIEM: Security Information and Event Management....2462 Sieving....2462 Definition....2462 Theory....2462 Applications....2462 Cross-References....2462 Sieving in Function Fields....2462 Definition....2462 Applications....2463 Cross-References....2464 Recommended Reading....2464 Signature Biometrics....2464 Synonyms....2464 Definitions....2464 Background....2464 Theory....2465 Applications....2466 Open Problems and Future Directions....2467 Cross-References....2467 References....2467 Signcryption....2468 Synonyms....2468 Definition....2468 Background....2468 Theory....2469 Defining Signcryption....2469 Security of Signcryption....2469 Supporting Long Inputs....2470 Generic Composition Schemes....2471 Schemes from Trapdoor Permutations....2471 Schemes based on Gap Diffie–Hellman....2473 Applications....2473 Cross-References....2474 Recommended Reading....2474 Signed Digit Exponentiation....2474 Synonyms....2474 Definition....2474 Background....2474 Applications....2476 Cross-References....2476 Recommended Reading....2476 Signed Window Exponentiation....2476 SIKE....2476 Silicon Fingerprint (colloquially)....2476 SIM/UICC....2476 Synonyms....2476 Definition....2476 Background....2477 Theory....2477 Applications....2477 References....2478 Simple Power Analysis....2478 Synonyms....2478 Definitions....2478 Background....2478 Theory....2478 Open Problems and Future Directions....2480 References....2480 Simultaneous Exponentiation....2480 Synonyms....2480 Definition....2480 Background....2480 Theory....2481 Applications....2483 Cross-References....2483 Recommended Reading....2483 Simultaneous Transactions....2483 Singe-Reader-Multi-Writer Searchable Encryption....2483 Single Euro Payments Area....2483 Single Wire Protocol....2483 Definition....2483 Background....2483 Cross-References....2484 References....2484 Single-Server Private Information Retrieval....2484 Definitions....2484 Background....2484 Homomorphic Encryption-Based Construction....2484 Future Directions....2485 References....2486 Situational Awareness for Cyber-Physical Systems....2486 Synonyms....2486 Definitions....2486 Background ....2486 Application....2487 Open Problems and Future Directions....2488 References....2488 Skipjack....2489 Definition....2489 Background....2489 Theory....2489 Application....2489 Cross-References....2490 Recommended Reading....2490 Slide Attack....2490 Definition....2490 Theory....2491 Applications....2491 Cross-References....2491 Recommended Reading....2491 Sliding Window Exponentiation....2492 Definition....2492 Background....2492 Theory....2492 Applications....2494 Cross-References....2494 Recommended Reading....2494 Smart Card....2494 Synonyms....2494 Definition....2494 Background....2494 Theory....2494 Applications....2495 Cross-References....2495 Recommended Reading....2495 Smart Contract....2495 Definition....2495 Background....2496 Theory....2496 Application....2497 Open Problems and Future Directions....2497 Cross-References....2497 References....2497 Smart Environment....2497 Smart Grids....2498 Smart/Algorithmic Denial of Service....2498 Smartcard Tamper Resistance....2498 Definition....2498 Theory and Applications....2498 Cross-References....2500 Recommended Reading....2500 Smoothness....2500 Definition....2500 Theory....2500 Cross-References....2501 Recommended Reading....2501 SNARK....2501 Synonyms....2501 Background....2501 Definitions....2502 Types of SNARKs....2502 Applications....2504 Cross-References....2504 References....2505 Social Context in Security and Privacy....2505 Synonyms....2505 Definition....2505 Background....2505 Theory and Application....2505 Open Problems and Future Directions....2506 Cross-References....2506 References....2506 Social Engineering....2506 Synonyms....2506 Definition....2506 Background....2506 Theory....2507 Social Engineering Attack Cycle....2507 Principles of Persuasion and Social Engineering Triggers....2507 Examples of Social Engineering....2508 Addressing Social Engineering....2508 Open Problems and Future Directions....2509 Cross-References....2510 References....2510 Social Environment....2510 Social Network Anonymization....2510 Social Network Data Privacy Definitions....2510 Social Networks....2510 Social Perspectives on Information Privacy....2510 Definition....2510 Theory....2510 Open Problems and Future Directions....2512 Cross-References....2512 Recommended Reading....2512 Sociocultural Factors....2513 Soft Biometrics....2513 Definition....2513 Background....2513 Theory and Application....2513 Taxonomy of Soft Biometrics....2513 Applications....2515 Open Problems and Future Directions....2515 Summary....2516 References....2516 Software Secure Element....2516 Software Vendor....2516 Software-Defined Networks privacy....2517 Definitions....2517 Background ....2517 Theory....2517 Privacy Attacks....2518 Application Plane....2518 Control and Data Plane....2518 References....2520 Software-Optimized Encryption Algorithm....2520 Solitaire....2520 Definition....2520 Background....2520 Cross-References....2520 Recommended Reading....2520 Source Address Validation....2521 Definitions....2521 Background....2521 Application....2522 Open Problems and Future Directions....2523 References....2524 SPA....2524 Space-Time Trade-Off....2524 Spam Detection Using Network-Level Characteristics....2525 Synonyms....2525 Definition....2525 Background....2525 Theory and Applications....2525 Recommended Reading....2525 Spatial Context....2526 Spatial Knowledge....2526 Spatiotemporal Event Privacy....2526 Spatiotemporal Privacy....2526 Synonyms....2526 Definitions....2526 Background....2526 Theory....2526 Open Problems and Future Directions....2528 Cross-References....2528 References....2528 Speaker Biometrics....2528 Speaker Identification and Verification (SIV)....2528 Speaker Recognition....2528 Synonyms....2528 Definition....2528 Background....2528 Speaker Enrollment....2529 Speaker Verification (Authentication)....2529 Speaker Identification....2530 Speaker and Event Classification....2530 Speaker Segmentation, Diarization, Detection, and Tracking....2531 Speaker Verification Modalities....2531 Knowledge-Based Speaker Recognition (Speech Biometrics)....2532 Theory....2532 Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM): Generic Case....2535 Speaker Space....2536 Speaker Embeddings (x-Vectors): Neural Network Kernels....2537 Speaker Diarization....2537 Application....2540 Open Problems....2540 References....2543 Special-Purpose Cryptanalytical Hardware....2544 Definition....2544 Background....2544 Theory....2545 Applications....2545 Cross-References....2546 Recommended Reading....2546 Specific Emitter Identification (SEI)....2546 Specific Emitter Verification (SEV)....2546 Spectre....2546 Synonyms....2546 Definitions....2546 Background....2546 Theory....2547 Spectre Gadgets....2549 Application....2549 Open Problems and Future Directions....2550 Cross-References....2551 References....2551 Spectre Attack....2552 Spectre Variant 1....2552 Spectre Variant 2....2552 SPKI....2552 Source of Names....2553 Group Names....2553 Globally Unique SDSI Names....2554 Canonical S-Expressions (CSEXP)....2554 Recommended Reading....2555 Spontaneous Device Association....2555 Spoofing a Hall Sensor....2555 Spoofing and Antispoofing....2555 Synonyms....2555 Definitions....2555 Background....2555 Application....2556 Open Problems and Future Directions....2556 Summary....2557 References....2557 Spyware....2557 Synonyms....2557 Definition....2557 Background....2557 Theory....2558 Applications....2560 Open Problems....2560 Cross-References....2560 Recommended Reading....2560 SQL Access Control Model....2561 Definitions....2561 Theory and Application....2561 Access Control Enforcement via Views....2562 Cross-References....2563 References....2563 SQL Administration Standards....2563 SQL Control Procedures....2563 SQL Injection Attacks....2563 Definition....2563 Background....2564 Theory....2564 Open Problems....2565 Recommended Reading....2565 Square-and-Multiply Exponentiation....2566 SSE (acronym)....2566 SSH....2566 Synonyms....2566 Definition....2566 Background....2566 Theory....2566 Applications....2566 Recommended Reading....2566 SSL....2566 Stablecoin....2566 Definition....2566 Background....2567 Theory and Application....2567 Open Problems and Future Directions....2569 Cross-References....2570 References....2570 Stack (buffer) Overflow....2571 Stack (buffer) Overrun....2571 Stack/Heap Smashing....2571 Standard Basis....2571 Standard Model....2571 Definition....2571 Open Problems....2571 Cross-References....2571 Recommended Reading....2571 State Machine Replication....2571 Synonyms....2571 Definition....2571 Background....2572 Theory....2572 Application....2573 Open Problems and Future Directions....2574 Cross-References....2574 References....2574 Static Analysis....2575 Synonyms....2575 Definition....2575 Background....2575 Theory....2575 Applications....2577 Cross-References....2577 Recommended Reading....2577 Static Code Analysis....2578 Static Program Analysis....2578 Static Separation of Duties....2578 Station-to-Station protocol....2578 Definition....2578 Theory....2578 References....2579 Statistical Databases....2579 Synonyms....2579 Definition....2579 Background....2579 Applications....2579 Privacy Disclosure Measures....2580 Security Protection Approaches....2580 Conceptual Approach....2580 Query Restriction Approach....2581 Auditing....2581 Perturbation Approach....2582 Notes on Recommended Reading....2583 Cross-References....2583 Recommended Reading....2583 Statistical Fault Attack....2584 Synonyms....2584 Definitions....2584 Background ....2584 Theory/Application/Both ....2584 Open Problems and Future Directions....2585 Cross-References....2585 References....2585 Steins Algorithm....2586 Stream and Multicast Authentication....2586 Synonyms....2586 Definition....2586 Background....2586 Theory....2586 Applications....2589 Cross-References....2590 References....2590 Stream Ciphers....2590 Definition....2590 Background....2591 Theory....2591 Synchronous and Asynchronous Stream Ciphers....2591 Families of Stream Ciphers....2591 Families of Attacks Against Stream Ciphers....2591 Properties of Stream Ciphers....2592 Applications....2592 Cross-References....2592 Recommended Reading....2592 Strong Authentication....2592 Strong Collision Resistance....2593 Strong Exclusion....2593 Strong Prime....2593 Definition....2593 Theory....2593 Cross-References....2593 Recommended Reading....2593 Strong RSA Assumption....2594 Theory....2594 Recommended Reading....2594 Structural Cryptanalysis....2594 Definition....2594 Theory and Application....2594 Structured Encryption....2595 Definition....2595 Related Work....2595 Theory....2595 Leakage....2595 Security....2595 Cross-References....2597 References....2597 Structured Encryption on Trusted Hardware....2597 Subexponential Time....2597 Definition....2597 Theory....2597 Applications....2597 Cross-References....2598 Subgroup....2598 Definition....2598 Theory....2598 Applications....2598 Cross-References....2598 Subgroup Cryptosystems....2598 Subscriber Identity Module....2598 Substitution–Permutation (SP) Network....2599 Definition....2599 Theory....2599 Applications....2599 Cross-References....2599 Recommended Reading....2599 Substitutions and Permutations....2599 Definition....2599 Cross-References....2601 Recommended Reading....2601 Subversion-Resilient Cryptography....2602 Summation Generator....2602 Definition....2602 Theory....2602 Cross-References....2602 Recommended Reading....2602 Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman....2602 Synonyms....2602 Definition....2603 Applications....2603 Theory....2603 Security....2604 References....2604 Supersingular Isogeny Key Encapsulation....2604 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition....2605 Synonyms....2605 Definition....2605 Background....2605 Theory and Application....2605 Open Security Problems and Future Directions....2606 Cross-References....2606 References....2607 Survivability....2607 Swarm Attestation....2607 Synonyms....2607 Definition....2607 Background....2607 Verifiers in Swarms....2607 Prover's Attestation in Swarms....2608 Swarm Topology....2608 Exchanged Communication Data Among Provers....2608 Granularity of Attestation Result....2609 Theory....2609 Open Problems and Future Directions....2610 Cross-References....2610 References....2610 Symmetric Cryptosystem....2611 Synonyms....2611 Definition....2611 Applications....2611 Cross-References....2611 SYN Cookie Defense....2611 Synonyms....2611 Definition....2611 Background (Historical Data Optional)....2611 Theory....2612 Application....2613 Open Problems and Future Directions....2613 References....2613 SYN Flood Attack....2613 Synonyms....2613 Definition....2613 Background (Historical Data Optional)....2614 Theory....2614 Application....2614 Open Problems and Future Directions....2615 Cross-References....2615 References....2615 Synchronous Stream Cipher....2615 Definition....2615 Background....2615 Theory....2616 Applications....2616 Cross-References....2616 Recommended Reading....2616 Synthetic Data....2616 Synonyms....2616 Definition....2616 Background....2616 Theory....2617 Traditional Models....2617 Deep Generative Models....2617 Privacy-Preserving Synthetic Data Generation....2618 Open Problems and Future Directions....2618 Cross-References....2618 References....2618 Synthetic Data Generation....2619 Synthetic Mobility Traces....2619 Definitions....2619 Background....2619 Theory....2620 Traditional Approaches for SMT Generation....2620 ML-based Approaches for SMT Generation....2621 Privacy-Preserving SMT Generation....2621 Open problems....2622 Cross-References....2623 References....2623 System Component Graphs....2623 System Hardening....2623 T....2624 Talker Recognition....2624 Tamper Detection....2624 Definition....2624 Theory and Applications....2624 Open Problems....2624 Cross-References....2624 References....2625 Tamper Evidence....2625 Definition....2625 Background....2625 Theory and Application....2625 Cross-References....2625 Recommended Reading....2625 Tamper Resistance....2625 Definition....2625 Theory and Applications....2625 Open Problems....2626 Cross-References....2626 Recommended Reading....2626 Tamper Response....2626 Definition....2626 Theory and Applications....2626 Open Problems....2626 Cross-References....2626 Recommended Reading....2627 Target Collision Resistant Hash function....2627 Targeted Hardware Manipulation....2627 TCG Trusted Computing Group....2627 T-Closeness....2627 Definitions....2627 Background....2627 Theory/Application/Both....2628 Open Problems and Future Directions....2628 Cross-References....2629 References....2629 TCP Modulation Attacks....2629 Definition....2629 Low-Rate TCP Attacks....2629 Background....2629 Applications....2630 Low-Rate Attacks Against TCP Variants....2630 Potential Mitigation Solutions....2630 Limitations of Router-Assisted Defenses....2631 Experimental Results....2631 Mitigation Using Randomization of the Minimum RTO....2631 Recommended Reading....2632 TCP Reset Injection....2632 Synonyms....2632 Definition....2632 Background....2633 Applications....2633 Recommended Reading....2634 TCP SYN Cookie....2634 TCP SYN Flooding....2634 TCP/IP from Network Security Perspective....2634 Synonyms....2634 Definition....2634 Background....2634 Theory....2635 Open Problems and Future Directions....2636 References....2637 TCP/IP Protocol Suite....2637 Technical Data Protection....2637 Temperature Attack....2637 Definition....2637 Experimental Results....2637 Cross-References....2638 Recommended Reading....2638 Tempest....2638 Synonyms....2638 Definitions....2638 Background....2638 Theory....2638 Application....2641 Cross-References....2642 References....2642 Temporal Access Control....2643 Synonyms....2643 Definitions....2643 Background....2644 Theory and Applications....2644 Applications....2645 Open Problems and Future Directions....2645 Cross-References....2645 References....2645 Temporal Authorization Models....2645 Temporary Identity....2645 The Economics of Information Exchange....2646 The Economics of Personal Data....2646 The Fiat-Shamir Identification Protocol and the Feige-Fiat-Shamir Signature Scheme....2646 Definition....2646 Introduction....2646 Preliminary....2646 The Protocol....2646 Parameters....2646 Feige-Fiat-Shamir Signature Scheme....2647 Cross-References....2647 References....2647 Theorem Proving and Security....2647 Synonyms....2647 Definition....2647 Background....2647 Applications....2648 Open Problems and Future Directions....2648 Cross-References....2649 References....2649 Threat Intelligence....2649 Three-Dimensional Palmprint....2649 Three-Factor Authentication....2649 Synonyms....2649 Definition....2649 Background....2649 Applications....2650 Open Problems....2650 Cross-References....2650 Recommended Reading....2650 Threshold Cryptography....2651 Definition....2651 Introduction....2651 Different Approaches....2652 A General Approach....2652 A 2-Out-of-2 Case....2652 Using a Multiplicative Secret Sharing Scheme....2653 Unknown Subset of Participants....2654 Particular Approaches....2654 A Variant of the General Approach....2654 Enhancements....2654 Robustness....2654 No Trusted Dealer....2655 Proactive Security and Its Generalizations....2655 The Multiverse Case....2656 Post-quantum Threshold Cryptosystems....2656 Cross-References....2656 References....2656 Threshold Homomorphic Cryptosystems....2658 Cross-References....2659 References....2659 Threshold Probing Model....2659 Threshold Signature....2659 Definition....2659 Theory....2659 Applications....2661 Cross-References....2662 Editorial Note....2662 References....2662 Throughput of a Distributed Ledger....2663 Definition....2663 Background....2663 Theory....2663 Influential Factors....2663 Further Aspects....2663 Cross-References....2664 References....2664 Tiger....2664 Definition....2664 Background....2664 Theory....2665 Open Problems....2665 Cross-References....2665 Recommended Reading....2665 Time-Based Access Control....2665 Time-Memory Trade-Offs....2665 Synonyms....2665 Definition....2666 Background....2666 Theory....2666 The Original Method....2666 Distinguished Points and Rainbow Tables....2667 Recommended Reading....2667 Time-Stamping....2668 Introduction....2668 Techniques....2668 Hash-and-Sign....2669 Linking....2669 Long-Lived Digital Signatures....2671 Renewability....2672 Standards....2672 References....2672 Timing Attack....2673 Synonyms....2673 Definition....2673 Background....2673 Time Measurement....2673 Timing Analysis....2674 Attack Targets....2674 Countermeasures....2674 Cross-References....2674 References....2675 TLS....2675 Token....2675 Definition....2675 Theory....2675 Cross-References....2676 Recommended Reading....2676 Token Pre-sales....2676 Token Sales....2676 Top-k Query Processing on Encrypted Data....2676 Synonyms....2676 Definition....2676 Theory....2677 Open Problems....2678 Cross-References....2678 References....2678 Top-n Queries on Encrypted Data....2678 Topological Vulnerability Analysis....2678 Synonyms....2678 Definition....2679 Background....2679 Theory....2679 Application....2680 Open Problems and Future Directions....2680 Cross-References....2680 References....2680 Torus-Based Cryptography....2681 Synonyms....2681 Definition....2681 Background....2681 Theory....2681 Applications....2682 Open Problems....2682 Cross-References....2683 Recommended Reading....2683 Touchless Palmprint Biometrics....2683 TPM....2683 Definition....2683 Background....2683 Theory and Applications....2684 Functions: 1.1b....2684 New Functions of the TPM 1.2 Specification....2685 Open Problems....2686 Cross-References....2686 Recommended Reading....2686 TPM Trusted Platform Module....2687 Tracing Traitors....2687 Tracking Cookie....2687 Traffic Analysis....2687 Definition....2687 Background....2687 Theory....2687 Applications....2688 Open Problems and Future Directions....2689 Cross-References....2689 Recommended Reading....2689 Traitor Tracing....2690 Synonyms....2690 Definition....2690 Background....2690 Theory....2691 Public-Key Traitor Tracing....2692 Advanced Schemes....2692 Cross-References....2693 Recommended Reading....2693 Transparent Authentication....2694 Transport Layer Security (TLS)....2694 Synonyms....2694 Definition....2694 Background....2694 Theory....2694 Cross-References....2695 References....2695 Transport-Level Security....2695 Trapdoor One-Way Function....2695 Definition....2695 Background....2696 Theory....2696 Cross-References....2696 Recommended Reading....2696 Treemap Visualization....2696 Tripartite Key Exchange....2696 Triple-DES....2697 Cross-References....2698 References....2698 Trojan....2698 Trojan Horses, Computer Viruses, and Worms....2698 Original Definition....2698 Current Definition....2699 Theory....2699 Computer Viruses....2699 Worms....2699 Cross-References....2699 References....2699 Truncated Differentials....2700 Definitions....2700 Theory....2700 Applications....2700 Cross-References....2700 Recommended Reading....2700 Trust Anchor....2701 Trust Management....2701 Synonyms....2701 Related Concepts....2701 Definition....2701 Background....2701 Theory....2701 Applications....2702 Open Problems and Future Directions....2703 References....2704 Trust Management for Cyber-Physical Systems....2704 Definition....2704 Background....2704 Theory and Application....2705 Open Problems and Future Directions....2709 Cross-References....2709 References....2709 Trust Management in Databases....2710 Definition....2710 Background....2710 Theory....2710 Cross-References....2711 References....2711 Trusted Boot....2712 Synonyms....2712 Definition....2712 Background....2712 Theory....2712 Applications....2713 Open Problems....2713 Cross-References....2713 Recommended Reading....2714 Trusted Computing....2714 Synonyms....2714 Definitions....2714 Background....2714 Theory....2714 Applications....2715 Software Trust....2715 Hardware Trust....2716 Hardware Run-Time Trust....2716 Hardware Design Trust....2716 Open Problems....2717 Cross-References....2717 Recommended Reading....2717 Trusted Computing Group....2717 Definition....2717 Background....2717 Applications....2717 Cross-References....2718 Recommended Reading....2718 Trusted Computing Platform Alliance....2718 Definition....2718 Background....2718 Cross-References....2718 Recommended Reading....2718 Trusted Platform Module....2719 Definition....2719 Background....2719 Applications....2719 Final Remarks....2722 Cross-References....2722 References....2722 Trusted Third Party....2723 Definition....2723 Applications....2723 Open Problems and Future Directions....2723 Cross-References....2723 References....2723 Trustworthy Autonomous Systems....2723 Trustworthy Machine Learning....2723 TSS....2724 Definition....2724 Background....2724 Theory and Applications....2724 Cross-References....2726 Recommended Reading....2726 TTP: Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures....2726 Twin Signatures....2726 Definition....2726 Cross-References....2726 Recommended Reading....2726 TWIRL....2727 Definition....2727 Background....2727 Theory....2727 Experimental Results....2727 Cross-References....2728 Recommended Reading....2728 Two-Factor Authentication....2728 Definition....2728 Theory....2728 Applications....2728 Cross-References....2728 TWOFISH....2729 Cross-References....2730 Recommended Reading....2730 Two-Key Cryptosystem....2730 Type Checking and Security....2730 Definition....2730 Background....2730 Applications....2731 Open Problems and Future Directions....2731 Cross-References....2731 References....2732 Typing Biometrics....2732 Typing Dynamics....2732 Typing Patterns....2732 U....2733 UMTS IC Card....2733 Unconstrained Fingerprint Biometrics....2733 Definitions....2733 Background....2733 Theory....2734 Acquisition and Sensors....2734 Constrained and Semi-constrained....2734 Unconstrained....2735 Fingerprint Segmentation....2735 Fingerphoto....2735 Latent Fingerprints....2735 Fingerprint Feature Extraction....2735 Traditional Fingerprint Descriptors....2735 Non-Minutia Descriptors....2736 Open Problems and Future Research Directions....2736 Summary....2738 References....2738 Unconstrained Palmprint Biometrics....2738 Synonyms....2738 Definitions....2738 Background....2739 Theory....2739 ROI Localization and Alignment....2739 Feature Extraction....2741 Open Problems and Future Directions....2742 Summary....2742 Cross-References....2742 References....2742 Unconstrained Remote Face Recognition....2743 Uncoordinated Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum....2743 Definition....2743 Background....2743 Theory....2744 Applications....2744 Recommended Reading....2744 Uncoordinated Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum....2744 Definition....2744 Background....2744 Theory....2745 Applications....2745 Cross-References....2745 Recommended Reading....2745 Undeniable Signatures....2746 Definition....2746 Background....2746 Theory....2746 Convertible Undeniable Signatures....2747 Applications....2747 Recommended Reading....2748 Unidentifiable OSN User....2748 Universal Integrated Circuit Card....2748 Universal One-Way Hash Functions (UOWHF)....2748 Synonyms....2748 Definition....2748 Background....2748 Theory....2749 Cross-References....2750 References....2750 Unlinkability....2750 Synonyms....2750 Definitions....2750 Theory and Application....2751 Open Problems and Future Directions....2752 Cross-References....2752 References....2752 Unobservability....2752 Unpacking Malware....2752 Synonyms....2752 Definition....2752 Background....2753 Theory and Application....2753 Recommended Reading....2754 Untraceability....2754 Definitions....2754 Theory....2754 Application....2755 Open Problems and Future Directions....2755 Cross-References....2756 References....2756 Usable Security Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)....2756 User Authentication....2756 Synonyms....2756 Definition....2757 Application....2757 Open Problems and Future Directions....2757 Cross-References....2757 User Revocation....2757 User Revocation in Identity Based Encryption and Attribute Based Encryption....2757 Synonyms....2757 Definitions....2757 Theory....2757 Direct Revocation....2758 Indirect Revocation....2758 Others....2759 Open Problems and Future Directions....2759 References....2759 User Tracking and Reidentification....2760 Definitions....2760 Application....2760 Theory....2761 Cross-References....2762 References....2763 V....2764 Value of Privacy....2764 Value-Based Compliance Theory....2764 Synonyms....2764 Definition....2764 Background....2764 Theory....2765 Open Problems and Future Directions....2767 Cross-References....2767 References....2768 Variant 3....2768 VBC Theory....2768 VDF....2768 Vector Space....2768 Definition....2768 Theory....2768 Applications....2769 Cross-References....2769 Recommended Reading....2769 Vehicular Privacy....2769 Definition....2769 Theory and Application....2770 Cooperative Awareness Systems and Pseudonyms....2770 Location-Based Services....2771 Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems....2771 Driver Behavior Monitoring....2772 Open Issues....2772 Cross-References....2773 References....2773 Verifiable Delay Function....2773 Synonyms....2773 Definition....2773 Theory....2773 Applications....2774 Random Multi-Party Beacon....2774 Beacon from Entropy Source....2775 Resource-Efficient Permissionless Blockchains....2775 Proof of Replication....2775 Open Problems and Future Directions....2775 Cross-References....2775 References....2775 Verifiable Encryption....2776 Definition....2776 Applications....2777 Theory....2777 Recommended Reading....2777 Verifiable Secret Sharing....2777 Cross-References....2779 References....2779 Verification....2779 Vernam Cipher....2779 Definition....2779 Cross-References....2780 Recommended Reading....2780 Vicinity Card....2781 Definition....2781 Background....2781 Applications....2781 Cross-References....2781 Recommended Reading....2781 Video Analysis....2781 Vigenère Encryption....2781 Definition....2781 Cross-References....2782 Recommended Reading....2782 Virtual Black Box....2782 Virtual Machine Introspection....2782 Definition....2782 Background....2783 Applications....2783 Open Problems....2784 Cross-References....2784 Recommended Reading....2784 Virtualization Security....2784 Virtualized Packer....2784 Virus Scanner....2784 Visual Secret Sharing Schemes....2784 Synonyms....2784 Definition....2785 Theory....2785 Cross-References....2786 Recommended Reading....2786 Visual Security Analytics....2786 Synonyms....2786 Definition....2786 Background....2786 Theory and Applications....2787 Open Problems and Future Directions....2787 References....2788 Visualization....2788 VM Protection....2788 Voice Biometrics....2788 Voice Recognition....2788 Voiceprint Recognition....2789 von Neumann Correction....2789 Synonyms....2789 Definition....2789 Experimental Results....2789 Cross-References....2789 Recommended Reading....2789 VSSS....2789 Vulnerability Disclosure....2789 Vulnerability Disclosure Economics....2790 Synonyms....2790 Definitions....2790 Background....2790 Entities Involved in Disclosure....2790 Disclosure Options....2791 Theory of Disclosure....2792 Open Problems and Future Direction....2793 References....2794 Vulnerability Metrics....2794 Synonyms....2794 Definition....2794 Background....2794 The National Vulnerability Database....2795 Common Vulnerability Scoring System....2795 Theory and Application....2795 Open Problems and Future Directions....2796 Cross-References....2797 References....2797 Vulnerability Quantification....2797 Vulnerability Ranking....2797 Vulnerability Scoring....2797 W....2798 Watermarking....2798 Theory....2798 Applications....2799 Cross-References....2799 Recommended Reading....2800 Weak Collision Resistance....2800 Weak Exclusion....2800 Weak Keys....2800 Definition....2800 Theory....2800 Applications....2800 Cross-References....2801 Recommended Reading....2801 Web 2.0 Security and Privacy....2801 Definition....2801 Background....2801 Theory....2801 Cross-References....2802 Recommended Reading....2802 Web Access Control Strategies....2802 Synonyms....2802 Definition....2802 Introduction....2802 Theory....2802 Application....2804 Resource Sharing Using CORS....2804 Access Delegation....2806 IAM Policies....2807 Open Problems and Future Directions....2808 Cross-References....2808 References....2808 Web and Cloud Security....2809 Web Application Security....2809 Web Browser Security and Privacy....2809 Synonyms....2809 Related Concepts....2809 Definition....2809 Background....2809 Theory....2809 Applications....2810 Recommended Reading....2810 Web Cache Poisoning Attacks....2810 Definition....2810 Background....2810 Theory....2811 Recommended Reading....2811 Web Client Security and Privacy....2811 Web Initial Authentication....2811 Web Initial Sign On....2812 Web Penetration Test....2812 Web Security....2812 Web Security Auditing....2812 Synonyms....2812 Definition....2812 Background....2812 Theory....2812 Applications....2812 Cross-References....2813 Recommended Reading....2813 Web Security Policy....2813 Web Service Security....2813 Definition....2813 Background....2814 Theory....2814 OAuth....2814 The WS- Family of Specifications....2815 The XACML Specification....2815 Open Problems....2815 References....2816 Web Session Security....2816 Web Single Sign On and SAML....2816 Synonyms....2816 Definition....2816 Background....2816 Theory....2817 Applications....2820 Open Problems....2822 Cross-References....2822 Recommended Reading....2822 Web SSO and Security Assertion Markup Language....2823 Web Vulnerability Assessment....2823 Web-Based Security Protocols....2823 Synonyms....2823 Definition....2823 Background....2823 Theory....2824 Applications....2824 Cross-References....2825 Recommended Reading....2825 Whirlpool....2825 Definition....2825 Background....2825 Theory....2825 Applications....2826 Experimental Results....2826 Open Problems....2826 Cross-References....2826 Recommended Reading....2826 White-Box Cryptography....2827 Synonyms....2827 Definitions....2827 Background ....2827 Theory....2827 Virtual Black Box....2827 WBC Notions....2828 Application....2829 Early White-Box Designs and Attacks....2829 New Paradigm: Gray-Box Resistance....2830 Relaxing White-Box Cryptography....2831 Open Problems and Future Directions....2832 Cross-References....2832 References....2832 Wiener, Boneh–Durfee, and May Attacks on the RSA Public Key Cryptosystem....2833 Definition....2833 Theory....2834 Recommended Reading....2834 Winternitz One-Time Signatures....2834 Wireless Air Traffic Communications Security....2835 Synonyms....2835 Definition....2835 Background....2835 Modernizing Airspace: Analog to Digital....2835 Application....2835 Challenges in Securing Infrastructure Systems....2836 Open Problems and Future Directions....2836 References....2837 Wireless Avionics Security....2837 Wireless Device Fingerprinting....2837 Synonyms....2837 Definition....2837 Background....2838 Theory....2838 Applications....2839 Experimental Results....2840 Cross-References....2840 Recommended Reading....2840 Wireless Locational Privacy....2840 Wireless Networks....2841 Wireless Steganography....2841 Wiretapping....2841 Witness Hiding....2841 Cross-References....2842 References....2842 Worms in Cellular Networks....2842 Synonyms....2842 Definitions....2842 Background....2842 Theory....2843 Applications....2844 Open Problems and Future Directions....2844 References....2845 X....2846 (X, Y)-Privacy....2846 Synonyms....2846 Definitions....2846 Background....2846 Theory....2847 Cross-References....2848 References....2849 X.509....2849 Synonyms....2849 Definition....2849 Theory and Application....2849 Cross-References....2850 Recommended Reading....2850 XML-Based Access Control Languages....2850 Definitions....2850 Background....2850 Theory....2850 Application....2854 Open Problems and Future Directions....2854 Cross-References....2855 References....2855 XSS....2855 Z....2856 Zero Trust Architecture....2856 Synonyms....2856 Definition....2856 Background....2856 Theory....2857 Application....2858 Open Problems and Future Directions*-12pt....2860 Cross-References....2861 References....2861 Zero Trust Cybersecurity....2861 Zero Trust Network....2861 Zero Trust Threat Model....2861 Zeroization....2861 Definition....2861 Background....2862 Theory and Applications....2862 Cross-References....2862 Recommended Reading....2862 Zero-Knowledge....2862 Definition....2862 Theory....2863 Real Conversations....2863 Simulated Conversations....2863 Cross-References....2864 Reference....2864 Zeta Function Computation....2864