Artificial Intelligence for Everyone

Foreword....5 Preface....7 Contents....9 List of Figures....12 1 Introduction....15 2 How to Define Intelligence....18 2.1 Different Concepts for Defining Intelligence....18 2.2 Intelligence Tests....23 Reference....24 3 The Historical Development....25 3.1 The Dual System....25 3.2 The Dartmouth Conference....31 3.3 Algorithms and Programming Languages....32 3.3.1 The 1930s and 1940s: Logical Calculi....33 3.3.2 The 1950s: First Modern Programming Languages....34 3.3.3 The 1960s and 1970s: Development of New Paradigms....35 3.3.4 Object-Oriented Programming....36 3.3.5 The 1980s....37 3.3.6 Further Development....37 3.4 The Turing Machine....39 3.5 The First Computers: The Turing Test, the Single-Tape Turing Machine....40 3.6 LaTeX....42 3.7 The Evolution of Computers....44 References....47 4 Mathematics on the Computer....48 4.1 Microsoft Mathematics....48 4.2 Mathematica....50 4.3 Maple....50 References....51 5 Polynomial and Exponential Complexity....52 5.1 Introductory Considerations....52 5.2 Mathematical Descriptions of Complexity....55 5.3 Rules and Constraints....58 5.4 Axioms....60 5.5 Finding Contradictions: Inconsistency Proofs....66 5.6 Problems from Combinatorics....67 5.7 Coloring Problems....70 References....73 6 Game Theory, Cybernetics, and Information Theory....74 6.1 Game Theory....74 6.2 Cybernetics....75 6.3 Information Theory....77 7 Machine Learning and Neural Networks....80 7.1 Neural Networks....80 7.2 AlphaZero Wins at Chess, Go, and Shogi....87 7.3 Translation Between Different Languages....89 Reference....92 8 Other Applications....93 8.1 Databases....93 8.2 Trade over the Internet....96 8.3 Big Data....100 8.4 The Role of Simulation....114 References....122 9 Digitization....123 9.1 The Basics of Digitization....123 9.2 Some Applications....126 Reference....131 10 Image Processing....132 10.1 Predicting Earthquakes....132 10.2 Tumors, Alzheimer's Disease, and Heart Disease....134 10.3 Recognition of Viruses....137 10.4 Medical Applications....137 10.5 Further Applications....141 10.6 The Basics of Image Processing....142 10.7 The Processing of Images....143 References....154 11 Robotics....155 11.1 Robots in Surgery....167 11.2 Robots Help in Care....169 11.3 Other Interesting Applications....170 References....175 12 Artificial Intelligence in Finance....176 References....183 13 Artificial Intelligence and Education....184 13.1 Education of AI Professionals....184 13.2 The Application of Artificial Intelligence in Education....186 References....188 14 Artificial Intelligence in the Arts....189 14.1 Artificial Intelligence and Music....189 14.2 Artificial Intelligence and Architecture....191 References....192 15 Artificial Intelligence in Law....193 References....200 16 The Development in South and Central America and the Caribbean....201 16.1 Guyana....203 16.2 The Caribbean....207 16.3 Belize....208 16.4 Argentina and Uruguay....209 References....213 17 Future Developments....214 References....221 Index....222